History of NFL Essay

Jim Thorpe who was a player and a coach for the football team Canton Bulldogs, together with Leo Lyons who owns a football team called Rochester Jeffersons, were the mastermind behind the National Football League (Schweizer and McGovern, 2001, p. 60). The two teams these two guys were a member of were brainstorming one day. It was when the Bulldogs triumphed over the Jeffersons in a match in 1917 when Lyons brought up the idea of forming a league to Thorpe. During this time, Major League Baseball was very popular (Schweizer and McGovern, 2001, p. 60). Thorpe entertained the idea and liked it very much, and decided to pursue the goal immediately. However, Spanish flu became rampant during that time. A lot of football players died in the Great War. There was chaos everywhere, and forming a league was almost impossible. In fact, because of the social unrest, operations had to be suspended (Schweizer and McGovern, 2001, p. 60). The operations of the Bulldogs had to be on a halt. It had to end real soon. Schedules of games were no longer followed because it was deemed necessary to reduce the schedules only to the local groups. It was in 1917 when Lyons came up with the idea of forming a league. It was in 1918 when all the disorder became more noticeable (Schweizer and McGovern, 2001, p. 61). After one year, Lyons could still not get over the unpursued plans, so he went back to New York to encourage teams in Buffalo to a championship match. The Buffalo Prospects were not to back out from this challenge. They gladly accepted the offer and played the game against the Jeffersons for the championship. In this round, the Jeffersons lost to the Buffalo Prospects (Yost, 2006, p. 52). The Bulldogs, by this time, already belonged to Ohio League, which was then an unofficial league. The teams who were part of this league included Ironton Tanks, Shelby Blues, Massillon Tigers and the Bulldogs. Ralph Hay, who was managing the Bulldogs, plus the other Ohio teams, were all convinced by Thorpe to play following the format of a league. Everyone agreed to do this, so a brainstorming session was expected. Everyone contributed to the success of the goals. It was done against Hammond Pros of Chicago, Michigan, and the Detroit Heralds (Yost, 2006, p. 52). During this time, other teams were also holding a game. There were games all over the United States – New York City, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois. However, while New York City and Pennsylvania had teams, they were not a contributor to the founding of the National Football League as the blue laws of the latter kept the teams from joining the NFL. It was not until 1924 when the teams were finally liberated from the laws (Yost, 2006, p. 52). The New League The formalization of the league did not come immediately. Football enthusiasts had to wait. Formalization only took place at a Hupmobile dealership help in August 1920 in Ohio. It was first known as the APFC, or the American Professional Football Conference. What this league was composed of were Ohio League teams. However, not all teams that were part of the Ohio League joined. In fact, a lot of them decided not to participate (National Football League, 2009). After a month, the American Professional Football Conference was changed to the American Professional Football Association. Since a lot of teams played from the neighboring areas, more teams joined the league. Soon other teams joined the league, and among the teams include Detroit, Hammond, and two from the New York league namely Rochester and Buffalo. Finally, there were eleven teams that founded the league (National Football League, 2009). All teams became subject to an agreement over the declared champion at the end of the season, and player poaching. At this time, Thorpe was still a member of the Bulldogs and remained a player for the said team. He was in fact the president of the team. Out of all the teams that founded the team, only four of them finished the schedule in the year 1920. The first champions went undefeated for years, and that team was the Akron Pros. Akon Pros was the first champion of the league (National Football League, 2009). More teams became interested in the league. Most of the teams that were added to the list came from the teams in New York. The total number of teams reached 22 in as early as 1921, although this is not to say that membership was already going smooth and stable in the whole decade of the 1920s (National Football League, 2009). In fact, the league was still not considered a national game no matter how many teams have been interested in it, and no matter how many people were actually willing to support the and enjoy the league. It frustrated many people. The league decided to change its name again. It finally became the NFL, or the National Football League, on June 24, 1922 (National Football League, 2009). The Birth of the â€Å"NFL† At this point in time, two charter members were existing. They were the Chicago Bears, which was formerly known as Decatur Staleys, and the Arizona Cardinals, which used to carry the name Chicago Cardinals. A team which was lightly a part of the National Football League history was there all along, but was not given much significance since it did not join league plays. It was the Green Bay Packers, which was popular for not having changed locations. It was only in 1921 when the said team started playing in the league (National Football League, 2009). The Indianapolis Colts had a rich history, which can be seen through its multiple predecessors. The team is regarded as a separate franchise. It was founded later, only in 1953, and was named the Baltimore Colts. Other teams started to bid their goodbyes, including Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland and Buffalo among other original NFL teams. However, this did not stop the National Football League to develop. There were many replacement franchises to make up for the absence of the teams that no longer existed. New franchises were established (National Football League, 2009). Post-World War College football catered to many fans. It was actually a very big game that millions of people looked forward to. However, after the Second World War, people started to get bored with college football as their attention was diverted to a more challenging game: the professional football game (National Football League, 2009). Because professional football rivaled the football game college students were playing, rules started to be modified. Newer innovations were being released from time to time. It was during this time, too, when the T-formation was started. Football then was no longer just a game for recreation. It became a game that demanded for higher scores (National Football League , 2009). After many years, the National Footbal League was joined by three teams in 1950. teams came from the All-America Football Conference which was no longer functioning at that time. It expanded to 13 clubs. Because of this fast expansion and rising popularity of the sport, professional football has etched its space in the world as a major sport.

Eddie’s life Essay

Eddie is showing that he is faithful to his duties as a husband by showing consideration towards Beatrice. This would show Eddie as a better man because despite Beatrice disobeying Eddie by wanting to go the wedding, Eddie still cares for her as a wife. Beatrice: (very nervous and agitated) Why don’t you go to the kitchen and get some coffee. Beatrice is giving a sign to the audience as well as Eddie that something is wrong because at this time the audience also don’t know that it is Marco who is approaching the house. Also, usually in a Sicilian household a wife would make coffee for the husband so Beatrice’s behaviour is odd. Eddie: Look, I don’t want no coffee. Now tell me what’s the matter B. (Eddie gets up to approach B but then looks at the window and sees Marco approaching the front door) that scum, lemme at him (he rushes past Beatrice and through the door to the porch). The first sentence is grammatically incorrect which shows the dialect these characters speak in. The Carbone family are an uneducated and working class family, which says that perhaps Eddie is not the tragic hero in this play. Usually ‘heroes’ are people of importance like ‘Macbeth’ who was ‘Thane of Cawdor’. Beatrice: Come on Eddie, calm down. If you hurt him, you’ll be in an even worse position than you’re in now (Eddie seems to be considering Beatrice’s words) This shows Beatrice’s practicality and care for Eddie (Marco enters first. Rodolfo and Catherine follow, holding hands) Eddie: (extremely angry tone of voice) You dirty rat. You have made my life a living nightmare. Marco: You brought it on yourself. First, you humiliate my brother and then you steal food from my children! Where I come from you wouldn’t be living to experience this misery. (About to lunge on Eddie) This emphasises how different the Italian way of life is. This is similar to Miller’s script when Marco says ‘in my country he would be dead now’. I included this dialogue by Marco because it brings out the theme of law and justice in the play. It shows that for once Marco is unable to adapt to the American way of life. Justice and law however are not the same thing and the conflict between them runs throughout the play. From previous work I found out that in 1920’s America, law was not fully abided by the American people. Miller gave the role of the chorus to a lawyer to demonstrate this. Alfieri is telling us of gangsters, the Sicilian past and a people unwillingly accepting the law at the beginning of the play to show this. The fact that this play evolves around illegal immigrants also shows how much the law was really believed in. This dialogue from Marco also shows the theme of loyalty. .Alfieri talks about gangsters in the opening speech, which immediately leads the audience to think of the Mafia. The Mafia is greatly involved in business as well as organised crime. ‘Family’ members are protected; enemies or those who let down the family are treated pitilessly. These views are constantly emphasised throughout the play. When we first meet Marco he shows himself powerful by his actions rather than his words. He is very modest and almost all his conversation is dominated by the wish not to cause trouble- ‘when you say go, we will go’. He thanks people frequently, he quietens his younger brother, he refuses food and he wonders if they can accommodate him for the time being in such a small house. This is why he only has one speech to say in the whole of my script because as I have said before Marco is powerful by his actions rather than his words. From his actions here we can see he is still calm, and able to control his feelings because his tone is calm but then he ‘lunges’ at Eddie which shows that Marco is only human. Marco has been able to control his anger in previous scenes, for example when he held the chair over Eddie’s head but the fact that he lunged first shows how much anger he actually feels. In my ending Marco is a lot calmer, he didn’t directly invite Eddie to fight with him like in Miller’s ending: ‘Eddie Carbone’, ‘Anima-a-a-l’. I think my ending gives more power to Marco because Eddie sounds as though he is going insane because his life has been made ‘a misery’. It also shows Eddie as less cowardly because we can see how much Eddie has been affected by what Marco said before. Also the calm appearance of Marco shows he has control and hasn’t been driven crazy by all the events that have happened. Both Eddie and Marco have feelings of injustice. Eddie has his strongest feeling of injustice when Rodolfo arrives which is one of the causes of the rivalry between him and Marco. Eddie dislikes Rodolfo so teases and humiliates him, which causes Marco to humiliate Eddie. Eddie has been a father to Catherine all her life and â€Å"gave her the food out of his mouth†. He paid money to her so that she would meet a better class of people and there are subtle hints that he is attracted to her as well. He is justified to feel jealous and spiteful towards Rodolfo when he comes over from Italy and wins Catherine’s heart. He feels betrayed by Catherine that she has suddenly run off and lives her own life (this also could be attributed to his fear of Catherine growing up, and that she is not his little baby anymore. ) In his extreme anxiety he betrays them to the immigration bureau. In doing this he has also betrayed a neighbour’s cousins as well as Marco who is trying to make money to save his family. Not only has he betrayed his family he has betrayed himself and his word of honour, which means so much in the Italian culture, and to Eddie himself. Eddie’s own words were,† You can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word you gave away. † Eddie has betrayed his own beliefs, and lost the respect of his whole community and his honour. The community has turned against Eddie, who ignored Alfieri’s words of warning: â€Å"You won’t have a friend in the world, Eddie! Even those who understand will turn against you,† Marco publicly denounces Eddie as a murderer, because Eddie has denied him the possibility to work in America to provide for his starving family’s desperate needs. It is Marco that is his opponent now, not Rodolfo, because Marco has taken Eddie’s name and honour. It is Marco’s belief that he has the right to take revenge and it is his duty to do so for the sake of his family. He cannot see why according to American law Eddie goes unpunished, â€Å"In my country he would be dead now. † In Italy the law was not all in a book and justice was more to do with feelings and emotions. Eddie is inevitably going to be merciless opposition when he demands ‘his namei back. The two men have basically the same beliefs and values, and after this head-on collision death is inevitable, because both men believe they are in the right and have gone too far to be able to give any ground or compromise. It is all or nothing. Marco has already ‘tried settling for half’ but Eddie hasn’t so Eddie’s death is the inevitable consequence of the play. Marco and Eddie are quite similar because they are both driven by their belief in a code of behaviour, in traditional standards of right and wrong. At the start of the play Eddie worries about Beatrice and Catherine not understanding the power of the United States immigration Bureau and then he launches into the Vinny Bolanzo story, which is a premonition of Eddie’s own story ‘Like Vinny Bolanzo†¦ you can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away’, it a short line but is of major significance. It is Eddie who speaks the line that later relates to his own dishonour and the loss of his good name: Before Eddie calls the immigration bureau, he goes to Alfieri for advice. The use of lighting is very important here because we are distracted from Alfieri’s final words by the light rising on the telephone box. Alfieri questions perfunctorily, but we know that the law has nothing to offer Eddie and the most important speech of Alfieri’s actually spells out natural moral law: ‘The law is only a word for what has a right to happen’ Rodolfo: (jumps in between Eddie and Marco to stop them from fighting) Look, Eddie I am sorry, OK. It is my fault; I should have asked your permission before I take Catherine out. How about we all go to the wedding together, eh? (He offers to shake Eddie’s hand but Eddie ignores him and pushes him out of the way) This intervention from Rodolfo shows another important theme running throughout the play- honour. Honour must be maintained; that is the inevitable outcome of the feelings to family contained in this play. Eddie has many reasons to justify his dislike in Rodolfo. He thinks Rodolfo is gay but it is also the opinions of others, which causes him to dislike Rodolfo. For example when Mike and Louis make fun of Rodolfo, it is an insult to Eddie and his family. Beatrice: Eddie, he apologises to you! Eddie: I don’t care; he wasn’t the one who stole my name! Eddie’s sense of justice and fairness motivated him a lot in reporting Marco and Rodolfo to the immigration bureau. At the beginning this was positive for instance he thought he had to let Marco and Rodolfo stay because it was the right thing to do: †Then what the hell. It’s an honour’ B. , I mean it. I was just thinkin’ before, comin’ home, suppose my father did not come to this country, and I was starvin’ like them over there. And I had people in America who could keep me a couple of months? The man would be honoured to lend me a place to sleep†. This shows his family loyalty at the beginning of the play but towards the end his sense of justice and fairness seem to get lost. When he says this line it shows that he only cares about his ‘name’. This is similar to miller’s ending in that he refuses the apology from Rodolfo but seeks revenge from Marco. Eddie has almost made himself believe that he hasn’t done anything wrong which is shown here. Marco didn’t actually ‘steal’ Eddie’s name but juts told the truth. It was Eddie who ‘stole food from my (Marco’s) children’s mouth’ Catherine: (runs up to the porch after Marco) Why did you do it Eddie, why? Catherine again shows her naivety and that she was unaware of what she has done to Eddie. It also shows the audience that she probably wasn’t ‘walking wavy’ In my ending Catherine doesn’t really play a part in raising the tension like she did in Miller’s ending. I did this because I wanted to show Catherine as a scared little girl like she was in the beginning of the play. This would also give the impression to the reader that she did have feelings for Eddie. This would create more sympathy for Eddie, when he dies. Eddie: (weakening, he takes a look at Rodolfo and then at Catherine) Oh Katie. I can’t take this no more. I’m sorry. I never meant for this to happen. (Eddie rushes on to the street and jumps into his car and drives away) Here Eddie finally apologises for what he has done but not directly to Marco, as this would not show his proud personality. He does however finally admit he made a mistake, which shows him as a better person and makes his tragic death more distressing for the audience. This play doesn’t have any scenes or sequences, which are played off-scene so it may be difficult to bring a car onto the stage. Alfieri: (Alfieri is lit up and is in the centre of the stage. While Alfieri is saying his soliloquy, Beatrice, Rodolfo and Catherine look over the bridge. Beatrice is weeping and so is Catherine. ) The last anyone ever saw of Eddie was from the bridge. Most of the time we settle for half but not this time. I know he was wrong but he allowed himself to be completely known and so I will miss him greatly. This shows how Eddie was not able to ‘settle for half’ which was what led Eddie to his death. This speech of Alfieri’s is quite similar to Miller’s speech because I think it gives a summary of Eddie’s life.

Accomplishment Report

Commercial property valuation requires a more complex method, taking into account the income potential of the property, historical revenue, cash flow with owner perks removed and much more. b. Residential Properties type of property is by far the most popular with both new and experienced agents. Real estate agents then further specialize in types of homes, including condominiums, separate homes, duplexes, high value homes, vacations homes, etc. c. Industrial Land situated in areas that are exclusively reserved and used for industrial purpose. 2. Land Improvement 3. Chattel is a term in the world which refers to personal property which can be moved; it is also known as movable property. Some examples of chattel include jewelry, cars, and furniture. Some people just call chattel â€Å"personal property,† differentiating it from things like real estate with the term â€Å"immovable property. † Assessors also look at building value under the cost analysis method, but only in terms of how much it cost to construct them. The corporation determines, at the outset of incorporating, how many shares it shall issue and what classes of shares (No Par, Par, Common, Preferred, Participating, tc. ) it will issue. Valuation Procedures 1. Cost Approach – valuation method is based on the principle that no prudent purchaser will pay more than what it cost him to acquire an equally desirable substitute site and to build a similar improvement of equal desirability and utility. 2. Income Approach – based on the principle that value tends to be set by the present worth of the right to future net benefits that may be derived from ownership. Important Document that an Appraiser should be able to look and verify: a. Sales invoice b. Letter of credit c. Deed of assignment CHAPTER 11 SHARES OF STOCKS AS COLLATERAL Capital stock has to do with all the shares of stock that represent the ownership of a given company. The exact number of shares that can be issued in the way of capital stock is normally recorded in the current balance sheet for a company. Capital stock will involve all types or classes of stock that the company is authorized to issue. The basis for issuing capital stock is normally outlined in the charter of the corporation. Common stock is stock in a company which comes with voting rights and an opportunity to share in the profits of the company. This type of stock is commonly issued by companies’ making offerings of stock and is a popular choice for people interested in buying and selling stocks. Prices for common stock vary depending on market pressures. Stock exchanges offer opportunities for people to buy, sell, and trade common stock with each other and with brokers. This type of stock should be contrasted with preferred stock, another type of stock which works slightly differently. Preferred stock offers several advantages over common stock. The first advantage is a fixed dividend, which generates more reliable returns than common stock; although it also means that the stockholder can miss out when large profits are made because the dividend will not be adjusted. Preferred stock, also known as non-participating preferred stock, is a type of stock that pays the investor a specific dividend only. In addition, in the event of a bankruptcy, preferred stockholders are ahead of holders of common stock, as are creditors, lien holders, and so forth. There are some advantages to holding common stock. Voting rights can be important because they allow people to vote on members of the board of directors, policy, and stock splits, which gives them a role in the governance of the company. Convertible preferred stock is a type of preferred stock that has the option of being converted into common shares issued by the same company. One of the less commonly employed approaches of issuing shares of stock. Participating preferred stock dividends are usually a fixed percentage of the par value of the stock. Participating preferred stock owners usually do not have any voting rights at stockholder meetings. Owners of common stock do have voting rights Cumulative participating preferred stock can accrue dividends that will be paid to the investor once the company’s performance improves. In finance, par value is the least amount that a share of stock can be sold for, according to the terms and conditions that are found in the regulations of the issuing company. CHAPTER 12 LAND AS COLLATERAL Collateral is borrowing funds often requires the designation of collateral on the part of the recipient of the loan. Collateral is simply assets that have been pledged by the recipient as security on the value of the loan. In the event that circumstances make it impossible for the recipient to repay the loan, ownership of the collateral is transferred to the entity that issued the loan in order to settle the debt. Function of Land it provides â€Å"standing room†. In spite of the fact man has learned to fly, and to dive under the surface of the water in submersible ships, we are still bound pretty close to the surface of the earth. Modes of acquiring title: . Public grant – acquisition of public land of homestead patent, sales patent and miscellaneous patent. 2. Private grant – voluntary transfer or conveyances as deed of sale, donation, exchange or assignment. 3. Involuntary grant – acquisition against consent of former owner, such as foreclosure or sale. 4. Inheritance – acceptance of hereditary succession. 5. Reclamation – filling of submerged land subj ect to government regulation and existing laws. 6. Accretion – more lands adjoining banks or rivers due to gradual deposit of soil. 7. Prescription – title by actual, open continuous and uninterrupted possession for a period of time under claim of title. Zonal valuation Different approaches to valuation of properties have been introduced in this country. In the case of land, not only it its price dictated by the interplay of supply and demand but moreover by the concept of zonal valuation instituted by the government. Government agencies like the Office of the Register of Deeds under the Department of Justice. IMPORTANT FACTORS IN OWNERSHIPPEACE AND ORDER The prevailing peace and order affects the value of the land. Today, a number of areas in the country are infested by the presence of bandits and other lawless elements like the NPAs for instance. They are known to have been exacting be so-called â€Å"revolutionary tax† on business establishment in such areas. Such deplorable conditions inhibit buyers from any interest. In buying such land or even in locating their business establishments. CHAPTER13 COLLECTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Collections are a part of a process in the accounts receivable or billing department. It means that, at some point in time, a company xtended to another company or an individual credit terms for goods or services, or a cash loan advance of some kind that was to be paid or repaid at a certain time. If that bill is not paid when it is due, or within an agreed upon grace period, the collection process begins. Collection procedures usually consist of a set of in-house company policies that are written in a manual or guidebook of some kind, though smaller compan ies may not have a manual. Usually, law firms that engage in collection practices will have manuals and training classes for their employees before they make their first collection call to a debtor. Most of the time, large corporations and small companies have a collection manager or collection department that will go through certain housekeeping procedures before an unpaid debt is turned over to a lawyer. Laws and Regulations The laws that cover collection policies and procedures are mandated by federal and state governments. On the federal level, the Federal Trade Commission regulates what is called the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). In the case of a conflict between state and federal law, federal law prevails. Those who extend credit to others should be aware of the legal rules about how to collect money that is past due, particularly as those rules apply to bankruptcy. A collection policy is a set of business practices and procedures that outline the way a company goes about collecting money owed to it as a result of an extension of credit. Companies often allow their best business customers to establish payment terms that give the customer an extended amount of time, such as 30, 60 or 90 days, to pay an outstanding invoice. Other companies extend credit to individual consumers and implement a collection policy to control the process of obtaining payment on the credit account. Credit extensions allow individual consumers to obtain needed merchandise upfront but pay for purchase over time. In the case of business-to-business transactions, the extension of credit is carried on the supplier’s book under accounts receivable. Extensions of consumer credit are typically carried on the books under a separate consumer credit category that is also a type of receivable. Accounts receivable is a company’s list of outstanding extensions of credit to customers. The company’s collection policy establishes how the accounts receivable or collections department should go about reminding customers that payments are due and how the department should handle delinquent accounts or accounts that are not paid as agreed. Types of Bad Debt Buyers Also known as junk debt buyers, bad debt buyers are firms that purchase unpaid debts from different types of creditors at rates that are below the actual face value of the debts, and then attempt to collect the full amount plus interest and penalties from the debtor. Bad debt buyers sometimes specialize on securing and collecting specific types of debt, including credit card debt, business debt, or loan debt. Credit card bad debt buyers are one of the more common types of junk debt buyers. Here, the buyer purchases old credit card accounts with outstanding balances that the originator was unable to collect. CHAPTER 14 BANKRUPTCY Bankruptcy is the process where a person legally declares himself or his business unable to pay outstanding debts. Depending upon the type filed, one meets with a judge to determine a payment schedule, or have a legal bankruptcy discharge most if not all debts. Businesses also may declare bankruptcy, which either means the business will close, or that the business will continue to operate with reduced payments to debtors It depends on what type the person intends to file, and also how quickly he or she can gather together information about his or her income and debts. Bankruptcy is the most common proceeding, and it is usually filed when a person doesn’t have a large number of assets that he or she needs to protect. Financial distress may also occur due to unforeseen factors that have an adverse effect on the different revenue streams that the corporation enjoys. The bankruptcy action may be necessary to protect the business from creditors while the company is reorganized under the direction of the courts, allowing the corporation to at least have a chance of getting back on a firm financial foundation. Liquidation maybe partial or complete, depending on the amount of debt involved. With a partial liquidation, the business sells off assets, including divisions of the business that are not needed for the continued operation of the core businesses. A complete liquidation means the selling of all assets and the eventual dismantling of the company as a business entity. Insolvency is the inability of a person to meet his obligations as they mature (Equity sense). It refers to the excess of liabilities, in the case of corporation, excluding capital stock over assets. (Bankruptcy sense) Two types of Insolvency Voluntary Insolvency Under voluntary insolvency, an insolvent debtor, owing debts exceeding in amount the sum of P1,000. 00 may apply to be discharged from his debts and liabilities by filing a petition with the Court of First Instance of the province or city which is the domicile of the petitioner for six months preceding the petition. He shall moreover annex to his petition a schedule and inventory in the form as prescribed under the Declaration of Insolvency Upon receipt of such petition, together with the schedule and inventory, the court or the judge thereof in vacation, shall make an order declaring the petitioner insolvent. Involuntary Insolvency an adjudication of insolvency may be made on the petition of three or more creditors, residents of the Philippines, whose credits or demands accrued in the Philippines, and the amount of which credits or demands are in the aggregate of not less than one thousand pesos. Provided, that none of the said creditors has become a creditor by assignment, however made, within 30 days prior to the filing of said petition. The following shall be considered acts of insolvency, and the petition for insolvency shall set forth one or more of such acts: 1. That such person is about to depart or has departed from the Philippines, with intend to defraud his creditors; 2. That being absent from the Philippines, with intend to defraud his creditors, he remains absent; 3. That he conceals himself to avoid the service if legal process for the purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors. 4. That he conceals, or removing, any of his property to avoid its being attached or taken in legal process; 5. That he has suffered his property to remain under attachment or legal process for 3 days for the purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors; 6. That he has confessed or offered to allow judgment in favor of any creditor or claimant for the purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors or claimant; 7. That he is willfully suffered judgment to be taken against him by default purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors or claimant; 8. . That he has suffered or procured his property to be taken on legal process with the intent to give a preference to one or more of his creditors and thereby hinder, delay or defraud any of his creditor; 9. That he has made any assignment, gift, sale, conveyance, or transfer of his estate, property, rights, or credits for purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors or claimant; 10. That he has, in contemplation of insolvency, made any payment, gift, grant, sale, conveyance, or transfer of his estate, property, rights, or credits; 11. That being a merchant or tradesman has generally defaulted in the payment of his current obligations for period of 30 days; 12. That for a period of 30 says he has failed after demand, to pay any money deposited with him or received by him in a fiduciary capacity; and 13. That an execution having been issued against him on final judgment for money, he shall have been found to be without sufficient property to execution to satisfy the judgment.

Immigration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Immigration law - Essay Example However, the blurring of the distinction between the need to legislate for immigration on the one hand and protection from terrorism on the other is further perpetuated by the patchwork of piecemeal immigration legislation in the UK, which is further compounded by the legal rights of asylum seekers. On the other side of the legal spectrum, the implementation of the Human Rights Act in 1998 (HRA) enshrines the fundamental rights and freedoms of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. From an immigration policy perspective, the most important rights relied on in immigration cases have been the Article 5 right, which prohibits detention without trial and the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment under Article 3. Additionally, Article 14 guarantees rights under the ECHR. On the one hand, these fundamental freedoms are essential to the function of the UK as a democracy. On the other hand, the reliance on the ECHR rights through the HRA 1998 arguably undermines immigration rules and legislation, which enables the UK immigration system to be exploited1. However, it is precisely this paradox within the law that enables the changing Governmental policy from circumventing both entrenched immigration and asylum rules and human rights protection on grounds of â€Å"national security†2. This is particularly evidenced by the implementation of the controversial Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2003 (ACTSA), which permits derogation from the ECHR. The contradictory nature of UK immigration policy and compliance with human rights highlights the inherent flaw in enacting knee jerk legislative responses to socio-economic issues. This further highlighted by the dichotomy in protection afforded by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 and the Convention on the Status of Refugees 1951

Honda Accord or Chevrolet Tahoe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Honda Accord or Chevrolet Tahoe - Essay Example The 2009 Chevrolet Tahoe is, however, a more rugged machine with both looks as well as fuel efficiency. It is a true SUV and can take both the city as well as country roads with aplomb. It comes in a lot of variants and a hybrid model is a dream machine which can shift from gasoline to electricity without any appreciable difference in performance. The long experience of the ‘General Motors’ company and the intense passion with which it builds its cars shows in this model. It is equipped with a plethora of safety features for the driver as well as co-passengers with easy access to controls which incorporate the latest developments in technology. It ranks at No. 1 as the most affordable of the SUVs. It has plenty of seating, foul-weather and off-road capability and towing capability as well. The Vortec engine is a powerful heart for the machine and comes in variants ranging from 4.8 to 6.2l. The exterior is aerodynamically designed and the style and finish are excellent. T he manufacturers claim that it shows exemplary performance in summers as well as winter. It has been rated as the best value for money car in the modern SUV section. However, despite good after sales service offered by the company, it is no secret that ‘General Motors’ is on the verge of bankruptcy in this era of recession and one can expect setbacks in the future. The course of action to be taken depends upon one’s financial situation, requirements and the safety factors a person needs in this era of heavy traffic on the roads.

Sex Offenders' Registration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sex Offenders' Registration - Research Paper Example It is also a requirement that sex offenders from other states notify the Louisiana Bureau of Criminal Identification when they move to the state of Louisiana within three days. The sexual offenders have to report in person in order to register with the appropriate agencies. The state of Louisiana also has the Crime against Nature statute that covers sexual crimes. The law seeks to punish prostitution especially anal and oral sex by requiring those convicted of those offences to register as sexual offenders. Although, the Supreme of Court outlawed sodomy in 2003 and hence should have invalidated the Crimes against Nature law, the state of Louisiana still implements the part that punishes solicitation. Guidelines on Implementation of Sex Offender Registration A person who is convicted of a sexual offense against a minor has to register and maintain the registration for a period of twenty five years. A person with a previous conviction may be required to maintain a life time registratio n. A first time offender is required to maintain registration for close to 15 years. On the occurrence that such an individual maintains a clean record for ten consecutive years, the person may be exempted from further registration requirements. Maintaining a clean record encompasses not being convicted of any offence and successfully completing any supervised probation. The funding for the sexual offenders database comes from the taxpayers’ kitty. The federal government through the Sex Offender Registry Technology Fund allocates money to purchase a computer system to keep the records and also some monies to cater for personnel and logistics at the office of the attorney general. The implementation cost is several millions and the federal funds that are lost due to failure to implement the registration requirements is about two hundred thousand dollars. Also, a state may be cut-off from federal funding if it fails to implement the federal requirement to implement registration of sexual offenders. The guidelines for the information required during the registration are quite expansive depending on each state. In Louisiana State, it’s a stipulation that offenders give their details. The DNA samples, fingerprints and palm prints are taken by the appropriate agency. Details of telephone contacts are also recorded and even the online details such as email addresses and the names used in social sites. The social security number and travel documents’ details are recorded (Kayla, â€Å"What does court ruling mean for sex offenders?†). The agency charged with collecting this information is the State Bureau of Criminal Identification and information. Penalties for Non-Compliance to Sex Offender Registration Any person who fails to register or update registration is liable for an offence and may be fined an amount less than one thousand dollars or a jail term of between two to ten years. Providing false information knowingly to the enforcement agency also has a similar penalty. On second conviction for failure to comply with the provisions of the registration law, a person may be fined three thousand dollars or a jail term of between five to twenty years. A person who fails to notify the authorities when moving is also liable to prison term or a fine. It should be noted that the sexual offenders. Registration requirement is implemented across almost all the States in the United States therefore a person has legal obligation to

Feasibility study for Creating my own business where I buy and sell Research Paper

Feasibility study for Creating my own business where I buy and sell homes, I will hire employees and need the funding - Research Paper Example Currently the concept of entrepreneurship is widely accepted and is judged as a vital part of the contemporary world and a well established erudite discipline (Thompson 35-50). Moreover, government of a number of countries also judge entrepreneurship as a mantra for success and development of the economy. The present study aims to evaluate feasibility of a new business venture. it will include buying and selling of homes and will come under real estate sector. Also, employees will be recruited for the business and funding will be provided with government institutions such as banks. The study will evaluate the various factors influencing a real estate business. These include operations, economical, marketing, financial etc. Also support services required for overall establishment of the business will be discussed. The target market for the business will be discussed and a systematic analysis of business strategies will be done. Target market One of the foundations of building a good b usiness is finding out clients. As it is commonly said, until we know whom to sell, it is almost impossible to know how to sell. Choosing a target market not only helps to focus on a niche segment, but also helps in fine tuning the support services to suit the target market needs. In order to define a niche target market, two broad categories can be established. Income levels and life stage The first target groups in this category are first time sellers or buyers. The probable home they seek will be of basic design and construction and afterwards working their way up in the property ladder as their income, family and needs grow. The next target group will be customers purchasing a second home who either are looking to downside or upsize. Other target group will be high end expensive and luxury seller or buyer. Doing business with these clients will mean higher commission, high amount of hand-holding and personal involvement, monetary risk and expensive collaterals (Beri 46-69). Apar t from the above, there are recreational buyers who need highly specialized and unique areas of focus. Demographics According to age demographics, clients can be divided into seniors, gen X and gen Y. accordingly, different business tactics can be made in order to attract these demographics into the business. While it is clear that seniors will look for a more traditional and ethnic style, gen X will be contemporary and evolving while gen Y will be technologically oriented (Croft 35-50). Each of the groups discussed above have their collective individuality, cultural icons, memories that can be worked with. Another criterion which can be added is through philosophy and lifestyle which may include country or city, a detached or fully integrated lifestyle, an eco-friendly environment or a home with full amenities (Hoagland and Williamson 57-75). Apart from that, business can also consider factors such as current location of the clients, real estate as well as educational levels of cli ents. In order to facilitate the process of acquiring right target market, the business can also

Molecules and Processes of Life Activity 6 - Cellular Respiration and Lab Report

Molecules and Processes of Life Activity 6 - Cellular Respiration and the Effects of Pollutants on Its Rate - Lab Report Example The amount of gas emitted at the top of tube was observed to over 10 minutes so as to determine cellular respiration rate. The pollutants used included; vinegar, salt solution, isopropyl alcohol, baking soda, soap solution, and bleach solution. The result for yeast mixture was compared with the results for yeast-sugar mixture. The yeast-sugar mixture exhibited a faster cellular respiration rate. The outcomes of the pollutants had mixed results. Except baking soda, most of the pollutants utilized had a lower cellular respiration rate. According to Carpenter (2013), cellular respiration is a process in which chemical energy in the food is reaped and converted into energy that is utilized in carrying out the normal life process. Every organism requires cellular respiration for survival. This process happens in three distinct phases; glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. Lippmann (2009) argues that during these cycles, oxygen and glucose in our body are turned into carbon dioxide, energy, and water. The first phase of cellular respiration is when one glucose molecule is split to produce two pyruvic acid molecules, a 3-carbon compound (Schapira, McQuaid & Froneman, 2011). This first phase is anaerobic, implying it does not need oxygen to occur. The remaining phases require oxygen. As such, the experiment was conducted within an oxygen zone and a considerable time frame to allow the three phases of cellular respiration to occur. To test our first hypothesis, the experimental design was such that yeast was mixed with water then poured into a test tube. A wider test tube was placed over the yeast test tube and flipped together over 10 minutes to observe the level of gas amounting in the wider tube. The amount of gas was recorded every minute in the10 minutes. The same was done to a yeast-water mixture but with granulated sugar added into

ASA Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ASA Questions - Essay Example ASA automatically allows the flow of packets from this high level to the lower un-trusted level without the need for an ACL explicitly allowing for the packet flow. (Santos, 2010) The un-trusted network, usually an outside network is allocated the lowest security level, 0, given its low network level beside the fact that it is the least trusted of all the network zones. ASA by default assigns the outside network security level of zero and automatically limits the flow of network packets from this level to the higher levels`. This security zone falls between the higher level and the lower level and is automatically assigned an even number between 0 and 100 given that it is somewhat trusted and un-trusted at the same time. (Frahim, 2010) User exec is the first level of access in the commend line interface used for changing terminal setting, listing system information and performing basic tasks. It uses AP> or Router > to prompt and logout command to exit. This CLI mode should be password protected to prevent unauthorized use. It is accessed from the user exec mode by issuing the enable command. This mode has a privileged command set which include those at the user exec mode. To exit the mode, disable command is used. (Frahim, 2010) This mode has commands that apply to features that affect the device as a whole. In order to access the global configuration mode, configure command is entered from the Privileged EXEC mode. Exit or end commands can be used to exit the global configuration mode. This configuration mode is used to modify the configuration of the interface. The commands used in this mode usually follow global configuration command used to define the interface type. In order to configure the interface using this mode, terminal is specified from the global configuration mode followed by the specification of the

A view from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

A view from the Bridge Essay In these two works the authors invite us to look closely at a womans place in society. In this essay I am going to look at and discuss the ways in which they present the views of women and the expectations of the society in which they live. The reason why I have chosen to compare these two pieces of work is that they both have a similar message to put across. The message is about a womans place and where it should be. Both of the books put women in a lower social standing to men. The pieces of work are not written in the same form but what ever form the writing takes we will be able to find similarities in the message the writers want to express. The writers have a very similar theme but they chose different ways to express it. In A view from a bridge Arthur Miller shows Beatrices struggle with Eddie to let Catherine, their niece, become independent. In The Sons Veto Thomas Hardy shows the control of a son over his mother, Sophy and her inability to do anything to pursue her feelings towards Sam, a man of lower social standing. The two main female characters in Arthur Millers A view from a bridge are Beatrice and Catherine. At the start of the book Catherine and Beatrice both have a deep respect and love for Eddie. The only way that their relationships are different is in the nature of their dependence. Beatrice is Eddies wife and is dependent on him for her living, whereas Catherine is Eddies niece and is only being looked after since both of her parents died when she was young. Eddie is looking after her and paying for her whilst she is growing up and going through education until she is independent. At this point Eddie has control over Beatrice and Catherine but as the story progresses, and with the introduction of Rodolfo, Catherine begins to loose her respect for Eddie and consequently Eddie begins to loose his control over her. Catherine and Beatrice have a large enough age gap to have slightly different social standings. Beatrice is of an era when women were only given basic education, and then were expected to do manual work or raise a family and become a housewife whilst the husband provided for all of the needs of the family. Catherines generation was slightly different in that they were more likely to go on to further education and then work. This may not have included the highly skilled jobs, such as doctors, but at least they were not so completely dependant on a husband. Beatrice seems a little wiser than Catherine in the way that she can see through Eddie and can guess what he is thinking. She can see what is going to happen but she is so naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve as to believe she can change the outcome. Catherine believes that Beatrice is bitter in the way that she is trying to get Catherine to see Eddies true intentions. Catherine cannot understand why Beatrice is disrespectful towards Eddie, the man of the house. Sophy, in the story The Sons Veto, has a very different living status. She is dependant on her dead husbands will, but in a similar way to Beatrice who answers to and obeys Eddie, Sophy obeys her son. However, Sophy cant see that the only reason why her son wants her to stay with their family and not to remarry because, if she did leave to marry another man it, would ruin his reputation and his social standing. The other way in which I think that Sophy, Beatrice and Catherine are similar is that all three come from a working class background. Sophy worked in a vicarage as a maid and Catherine and Beatrices livelihood came from Eddie working on the docks. The nineteenth century woman is Sophy in Thomas Hardys The Sons Veto. In this time there were a lot of things that women werent aloud to do. Some of them were written laws and some social laws, there were things that the lady just wasnt seen to do, wasnt befitting to a lady. This is displayed in the story after Sophy has been widowed and is talking about remarrying. She is thinking of remarrying to a grocery store owner called Sam. This was unacceptable, as she would be marrying down a class. This was not normal to that time, where there were very clear barriers between social classes. Her son hoped his step father would be a gentleman. This is what he believed and it meant a lot to him. He made his feelings very clear when he said I am ashamed of you! It will ruin me! A miserable bore! A churl! A clown! It will degrade me in the eyes of all the gentleman of England! Because Sophy didnt have her sons blessing she could not leave. He had control of all the finances that her late husband left to them to live on. It is a different situation for the woman in A view from the bridge, Catherine and Beatrice. At that time there was an organisation called NOW. This movement was oppressed by the male dominated social structure as a whole, which they saw as pervaded by sexism, despite legal concession towards equality of the sexes. In this period the womens movement had been critical of the use of women as sex objects in advertising, and had also opposed their indoctrination into passive and accommodating roles within the family and society in general. I believe that Beatrice is too old and set in her ways to get deeply involved in womens rights. She understands that women should have equal rights but takes the easy option and accepts where she is and what she is. This is why Beatrice and Sophy are similar because they both only had little or no education and now rely completely on their husband funds. All they have to do in return is to keep a clean house, cook and raise the children. Eddie and Beatrice dont have any children of their own but they have raised their niece Catherine as their own. Catherine is different to Sophy in that she has had a full education and will become financially independent. Sophy was expected to present herself as a lady whenever she was to be in the public eye. Sophy was also expected to do chores and raise children whilst they were home from boarding school. This was all that was expected of a woman of her time. Beatrice was also expected to dress smartly and conservatively. Catherine was a modern girl and dressed to impress. She was well educated and so was less dependant on getting a husband before her good looks left her. But there was still the male dominance that had some control over her. Catherine, I dont want to be a pest, but Im telling you youre walking wavy. Listen, you been giving me the willies the way you walk down the street, I mean it. This shows the male dominance over protecting his woman.

A Look At Repression English Literature Essay

A Look At Repression English Literature Essay Ladies Coupe: A novel in parts narrates the tale of six women who meet purely by chance on a short train journey. It traces the lives of the six women as they travel in the ladies compartment. The stories they relate help the protagonists Akhilandeswari to find resolutions for the tormenting questions that taunt her and enable her to establish her true identity. The other five women belong to different age groups and classes of the society. Their individual struggle against the myriad repressive forces instills in Akhila a sense of courage and clarity in action. The repressive forces in their multiple manifestations as patriarchal attitudes, sexual politics and sexual stereotyping impose a restriction on womens individuality and leads to their marginalization which is effectuated by traditional and cultural institutions. Feminist perspective as a woman centered theory provides strategies for change. As such the feminist principle is an uncompromising pledge and an antidote to all types of exploitation and repression of women. The fundamental goal of feminist perspective, according to Maggie Humm, is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to understand womens oppression in terms of race, gender, class and sexual preference and how to change it. (Maggie, x) The personality of woman has been sought to be damaged and distorted and her very status as human being has brought down under the overwhelming male domination. Thus, a woman who protests against her depersonalization and annihilation and who walks out of home to live and to be human are made aware of the futility of her actions. Clearly, the forces of cultural and social inculcations are too strong to be completely overcome. We find the Indian women being torn between individual desires and societal expectations. In the tradition bound society like our Indian society, it is no wonder that writers like Anita Nair has reflected such types of repression in her novels. The problem of repression faced by women varies according to their social, cultural and economic status. The tradition bound Indian society considered the very birth of girls a curse and rearing a girl child is more expensive and risky than a male child, so people dreaded the very birth of girls. The girls have to undergo a lot of difficulties in this chauvinistic society, after their difficult entry into this world. Discrimination was shown even in education. People firmly believe that a girls place is only at home, so they were reluctant to give her education. Even when she was educated, she was trained only in domestic traits. This is because a girl is viewed only as wife and a mother. Therefore, the one and only idea instituted in her mind, right from her birth was to please the male. This becomes the soul purpose of her life. So, even right from her birth the repressive problems are faced by women. In Ladies Coupe, Anita Nair delineates various women characters and provides a macro picture of womens society. Janaki got married at the age of eighteen. As a girl of eighteen, she is not matured enough to know the meaning of marriage and what to expect of marriage. Janaki accommodates her body and mind to marriage and what it had to offer her in life. She did not live for her own self; she lived for her husband. Janaki didnt know what to expect of marriage. All through her girlhood, marriage was a destination she was being groomed for. She wasnt expected to know what it really meant to be married, and neither was she curious about it. It would come to her as it had to her mother. (LC 25) As a wife in the patriarchal society, Janaki finds her husband a loving and protecting one in the initial of her life. She is not matured enough to understand her suppressed condition in the patriarchal society. She remembers the words of her mother, He is your husband and you must accept whatever he does (LC 25). They have a son and daughter-in-law. They were branded as the golden couple and were exemplary perfect parents. As she got married at a very early age, she doesnt even know that she is suppressed in the bond of marriage. Only at the age of forty-five, she realized that all her desires are oppressed. But, Janaki resents her husbands overbearing nature over their son and revolts against it. She questions his right to control their son and slowly she begins to hate her husbands actions. Janaki could not unlearn what patriarchy had instituted in her. Even the initial revulsion of the physical act in the beginning of her married life, turns into an acceptance of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ‚ ¦ pleasures hidden in rituals of togethernessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (26). She is confined in the bondage of a wife, mother and most importantly the woman that patriarchy has moulded into her. Marriage life is the next stage of repression. After marriage, a girl becomes a woman and she has various roles to perform. She has to play the roles of a daughter in law, wife, mother and mother in law. Of all the roles mentioned here, the most difficult roles are a woman as daughter-in- law and wife. They could never come out of tradition. The inborn feminine traits of the traditional never allowed them to mould away from tradition. They never opposed or questioned their men folk. Instead, they suppress all their emotions and desires and are being controlled by the repressive forces. Janaki, an elderly and wise woman, comes out with a meaning of life that all women are prone to: I am a woman who has always been looked after. First there was my father and my brothers; then my husband. When my husband is gone, there will be my son, waiting to take from where his father let off. Women like me end up being fragile. Our men treat us like princesses. And because of that we look down upon women who are strong and who can cope by themselves. I believe in that old clichà © that a home was a womans kingdom. I worked hard to preserve mineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and then suddenly one day it didnt matter anymore. My home ceased to interest me, none of the beliefs I had built my life around had any meaning. I thought if I were to lose it all, I would cope. If I ever became alone I would manage perfectly. I was confident about that. I think I was tired of being this fragile creatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Now I know that even if I can cope it wouldnt be the same if he wasnt there with me. (22-23) Evelyn Cunningham says that the women are the only oppressed group in our society that lives in intimate association with their oppressors. They even felt glorified in their sufferings, and if any women had rebellious attitude, the people around them curbed that in the beginning itself. Women were brainwashed right from their birth to be polite, submissive and obedient. She was expected to be chaste and faithful even when her husband was unfaithful. It is not only these illiterate home birds who were afraid to rebel against tyranny and exploitations but even the educated house wives stuck firmly to the traditional role. Such women inspite of their education considered suffering in their husbands place was far better than leading a lonely life. Margaret Shanthi, is one of the important characters in the novel Ladies Coupe novel. She is a chemistry teacher by profession is married to Ebenezer Paulraj, the principal of the school she worked in. He was a pompous self-opinionated individual who successfully destroyed Margarets self-confidence by bullying her always and then treating her as a house keeper and a cook. She goes through many physical, mental and spiritual crises. Their marriage had a fairy tale like charm initially which slowly disintegrates when Margaret begins to see the true nature of Ebe. He loved her but she dare have no individuality. Margaret initially is the little girl who says yes to whatever he says and is out to please him always. Margarets husband wanted her to become a docile wife. This is the life of the women to look after her home, her husband and her children and give them food she has cooked with her own hands (LC 40). She leads a life of obscurity in some corner of the house all the time pretend ing to be satisfied and happy. As Kamala Das says in her poem The Suicide, But I must pose I must pretend I must act the role of a happy woman Happy wife. (227) She is forced to pursue B.Ed though her real interest is to do Ph.D. Ebe insists and forces her to abort their first child which ultimately is the last straw for Margaret. She sees through his dual nature of pretentious politeness and inner cruelty. His ridiculous theories, derisive contempt of her way of house keeping and cooking and collection of defacing books with ugly drawings only intensifies Margarets hatred. She hates her husband whom she once adorned and worshipped because her dreams were broken and she comes crashing down to reality, when she is forced to abort her first pregnancy. Gnawed by indecision, guilt and pain, she allows herself to be coerced into it. She sees another side of her husband when after her abortion, a week later, he says: I love it when you call me Ebeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I like you like thisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ unstained and cleanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I never want you to change. I want you to remain like this all your life (LC 111). Whenever she tried to share her fe elings with her mother she is advised in turn: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and like I have said many times before, it is a womans responsibility to keep the marriage happy. Men have so many pre occupations that they might not have the time or inclination to keep the wheels of a marriage oiled (112). Ebe became more and more over bearing after he becomes the principle of a school. He begins to nag her and find fault in her house keeping and cooking. She begins to hate him. Margarets family cannot accept the idea of a divorce and though she feels stifled in her marriage she continues living with Ebe. Her only consolation is food and she puts on weight. His dual nature, artificial politeness and warmth and inner cruelty; his ego, his defacing books with ugly drawings, his various theories and his constant derisive contempt of her, make her suffer intensely. I, Margaret Shanthi did it with the sole desire for revenge. To erode his self-esteem and shake the very foundations of his being. To rid this world of a creature who if allowed to remain the way he was, slim, lithe and arrogant, would continue to harvest sorrow with a single-minded joy. (LC 96) Repeatedly discouraged by her mother and the fear of the stigma of divorce, she stops short of openly asking questions that torment her mind and soul: What about me? Dont I  have a  right to  have any  expectations  of him?  Dont I work as hard as he  does and more because I run the house as well (112). Liberation is meaningful, if we do not confine women within the bonds of family. The marriage makes women submissive. This is one of the main repressive forces that every woman in the society is facing. Margaret Shanti is a good example of how women are repressed upon by male power. The powerlessness is like the colonized who fail to see and appreciate their true worth. Societal expectations far outweigh personal needs and so Shanti negates herself again and again. From an ambitious and brilliant student who wants to chart out a career on her own, she becomes a dutiful wife to Ebenezer who rouses fear in everyone around him. She silences her aspirations in order to be what Ebenezer wants her to be. She decided to become a teacher instead of working on her decorate. She cut her hair short. She stopped going to church every Sunday, eating bhelpuri outside and finally agrees to abort her child though she knows that her religion forbids it. As usual, he takes the decisions and I (Shanti) let his voice smooth away my fears. He was Ebe. My Ebe. He was right. He was always right (LC 109). Shashi Deshpande, in her novel The Dark Holds No Terror, defines the lopsided gender equation within the context of urban marital relationships. A wife must always be a few feet behind her husband. If he is an M.A., you should be a B.Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Womens magazines will tell you that marriage should be an equal partnership. Thats nonsense. Rubbish. No partnership can ever be equal. It will always be unequal, but take care that its unequal in favor of your husband. (The Dark Holds No Terror 85) The belief that existed in the past and continued to be fresh in the minds of the people was that the man should be the bread winner and woman the home maker in the family. It was the husband who slogs way at job or business, to give the family a decent way of living, fully confident that the wife at home would efficiently manage the house, also look after his parents and children, awaiting his return for a conjugal round of dinner. In the present day, the situation becomes different. Women now demand more space, the rights and freedom because they want to come out of the repressive forces. They are not ready to be submissive and meek as their mothers. The problem of violence against women is not new. Women in the context of Indian society have been victims of repression, torture, humiliation and exploitation. All were merely trying to seek fulfillment by playing the role of a devoted wife and a caring mother. Friedan writes, For a woman, as for a man the need for self-fulfillment autonomy, self-realization, independence, individuality, self-actualization is as important as the sexual need, with as serious consequences when it is thwarted. Womens sexual problems are, in this sense, by-products of the suppression of her basic need to grow and fulfill her potentialities as human being, potentialities which the mystique of feminism fulfillment ignores. (282) Nairs women suffer from a system of sex role stereotyping and repression that exist under patriarchal social organizations. Of course, patriarchy, in its different forms, has tried in many ways to repress, debase and humiliate women especially through the images represented in cultural and traditional forms. She is supposed only to listen, not to speak; only to suffer, not to shriek (42). In Ladies Coupe, Marikolanthu is the last one to narrate her story. She is a young girl and uneducated who is poorly dressed and lives in a tamed and controlled environment. She lives in a noisy psycho-social group and she is stressed by it. Hans Seyle, an endocrinologist says that stress is the rate of wear and tear in the body. Her mother works as a cook at the Chettiar household. Her mother stopped her schoolings and allowed only her sons to go for school. Marikolanthu was repeatedly warned by her mother  because she was easily impressed by people: you give your heart too easily,  child.  They will break it  into thousand  pieces  and leave it on the ground for others to trample into dust (LC  216).  On such occasions  she had  always  teased  her  mother asking her if the heart was a glass bangle (LC  216). But her experience results in her realization of the value of her  mothers  words.  She  says, But you know what, the heart is a glass bangle. One careless moment and it is shattered. We know that, yet we continue to wear glass bangles. Each time they break, we buy new ones hoping that these will last longer than the others did. How silly we women are. We should wear bangles made of granite and turn hearts into the same. When the girls are trained in the domestic affairs, the boys are expected to keep away from the domestic traits. Much discrimination are shown in the upbringing of boys and girls. In a male chauvinistic society like India, boys are given a long rope, while the girls are confined at home. Even the girls themselves never minded such discriminations. On the contrary they are well contended with their role. Later Marikolanthu is employed as a domestic helper and also she has to look after Sujata akkas son. She adores that kid but hates her own son Muthu who is born after a rape encounter with Murugesan so she resents the birth of her unwanted son. Her life revolves around the Chettiar household. She looks after the households and in the afternoons, she willingly obeys whenever Sujatha akka needs her for her physical fulfillment and whenever the master needs her for the same. When Sujatha akka learns about her husbands affair, she rejects Marikolanthu and throws her out of the house. Marikolanthu leaves Kanchepuram and before that she mortgages her son Muthu for rupees five thousand at her rapist Murugesans looms. Later, there is a change in her heart when she sees her son lighting the pyre of the dead Murugesan. She decides to take care of her son Muthu. Marikolanthu has to face the strains of life herself. She is a victim of repression, a virtual slave, the victim of men, of casteism and of innumerable social injustices. It is that gender bias and oppression of women emerges as a powerful theme of the novel. She is being repressed by Murugesan. The device he uses to control her is rape. She feels defiled and corrupt. She evokes our sympathy when she says, In the distance, I heard the calls. Bogi! Bogi! The sparks would fly as the bonfire was set alight and the night would crackle with the sound of dried logs and twigs waking up. With my past, my future too had been torched alive. (LC 241) Marikolunthu suffers extreme repression social, familial and financial. It is ultimately love that brings her on the right track where she will find happiness and fulfillment. Her struggle has been one of hate for herself and accommodating with humiliating relationships thereafter. Her resolve to bring up her child shows her forming in to a new character. The words of  Marikolunthu could be quoted as an apt conclusion to the motif of the novel: Women are strong. Woman can do everything as well as men. Women can do much more. But a woman has to seek the vein of strength in herself. It does not show itself naturally. (LC 210) The female body becomes the site of violence in the case of the rape of Marikolanthu. Like the violence unleashed by the colonizer on the powerless colonized, she has to face physical repression and mental torture when left to fend for her. With his brute strength, Murugesan attacks her and she is left helpless. She is different from the other women in the coupe because her experiences are far more painful. The traditional image that a girl forms in her mind is to be submissive, committed, docile and tolerant so that she may prove herself an ideal woman not only for her husband but also for her father in law, mother in law and the other in laws. The Brahmin heroine, Akhila, whose life has been taken out of her control, is a spinster, daughter, sister, aunt and the only provider of her family after the death of her father. Getting fed up with these multiple roles, she decides to go on a train journey away from family and responsibilities, a journey that will ultimately make her a different woman. In the ladies coupe compartment, she meets five other women each of whom has a story to tell. The stories are all an attempt to answer Akhhilas problematic question. Can a woman stay single and be happy at the same time? Akhila asks such a question because she is being suppressed by all the members of her family. She has never been allowed to live her own life. She questions her family members, Why shouldnt I live alone? Im of able body and mind. I can look after myself. I earn reasonably well. Akhila paused when her voice chocked with tears, and asked me what my desires were or what my dreams are? Did anyone of you ever think of me as a woman? Someone who has needs and longings just like you do? (LC 206) The protagonist Akhila loses her father at a very young age and since then she has been shouldering the responsibility of the entire family. She served as a clerk in the income tax department. When Akhilas father died, the family responsibility falls on her fragile shoulders. The narrator elucidates: When Akhilas father died, two things happened: Sunday become just another day of the week and Akhila became the man of the family (LC 75). Manning the responsibility of the family begins to repress her desires. Even her mother does not care about her desires. They have never asked, What about you? Youve been the head of this family ever since Appa died. Dont you want a husband, children, a home of your own? (LC 77). Akhila wanted to lead her life with Hari who is younger than herself. But her desires have been repressed by the social norms. Akhila wished for once, someone would see her as a whole being. What Akhila most desired in the world was to be her own person; in a place that was her own. To do as she pleased. To live as she chose with neither restraint nor fear of censure (LC 201). Akhilas youthful days were spent bringing up her sister Padma and two brothers Narayan and Narsi. They are happily married and settled. She is seen as a bread winner and they continue to suppress her desires with their needs and demands. Akhila says Dont you think you should wait for your elder sister to get married before you think of a wife and a family? (LC 77). Her selfish siblings were concerned only about their own well-being. They married and moved on in life without even bothering to think about Akhilas future. Akhila has wasted away her precious youthful days and when she finally mustered the courage to make a difference in life; she was given a lot of advice by her siblings about the dangers of living alone as a spinster. Her sister Padma needed the financial support of Akhila to run the household. The brothers Narayan and Narsi were worried about society. Narsi its improper for a woman to live alone. What will society say? That your family has abandoned you. Besides, there will be a whole lot of questions that will pop up about your reputation. You know how people put two and two together and come up with six. Nalinis family will be scandalized if they hear about this. Have you thought of how embarrassing my position will be? (Ladies Coupe 205) Akhilas brother tried to smoothen her ruffled feathers. He said that he owed his life to his sister. But he too was worried about Akhilas decision to live alone. He said, How will you cope? This is not a reflection on who you are. How can any woman cope alone? (206). Thus a patriarchal society did not approve o a womans decision to live alone without the protection of the men of the house, even if they financially depended on the women. Akhila saw the irony of the situation and later developed the succor to overcome such tyrannical systems. Initially Akhila undertakes the journey to Kanyakumari as a form of escape. Akhila is placed in a situation of unfamiliarity and dislocation precisely because her struggle for identity should come out more clearly. What she hated most à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦was not having an identity of her own. She was always an extension of someone elses identity. Chandras daughter, Narayans Akka, Priyas auntà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ she wished for someone would see her as a whole being. Akhila undertakes this journey as a form of escape, a desire to go away alone, a sense of excitement of being able to do something all by herself, not having to take permission, of taking an independent decision. She moves on to see what has never been seen, go where she has never gone before. Akhilas journey begins with a sense of escape: the smell of a railway platform at night fills Akhila with a sense of escape (1). Always the daughter, the sister, the aunt or the provider, she had no time to actualize herself, until one day she bought for herself a one-day ticket to the seaside town of Kanyakumari. She is gloriously alone for the first time in her life and is determined to break free from all that her conservative Tamil Brahmin life had forced on her. Akhila had always dreamt of this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦eyes looking ahead. Of leaving. Of running away. Of pulling out. Of escaping(1). Akhila has never done anything that she desired to, but only what she was expected to do. But now she has a strong desire to be free and want to experience the real happiness of freedom. She decides to go the lands end to make a new beginning of experiencing the real meaning of freedom. And we are introduced to Akhila as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that sort of a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (who) does what is expected of herà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(1). In their minds Akhila has ceased to be a woman and had already metamorphosed into a spinster. Akhila is a woman who is throbbing with life, vitality and sexuality. All these are suppressed to cater to the needs of her family. Akhila understands that matrimony is a patriarchal practice which sanctions men power to overpower woman. All the women characters in Ladies Coupe have been affected in one way or other because of patriarchal system. It provides an insight into emotional challenges of each of the women overcame in their life. It is the emotional outburst of the deprived women that Akhila has tried to portray. Women hesitate to take decision on their own and they think marriage is the ultimate aim of their life and pleasing their husband is a main concern of women. In the due course, they failed to create identity of their own. The self abnegation of women goes unrecognized in a patriarchal society and this leads to the self abasement of womens importance in society. A woman in t he post independence era is aware of the discrimination she has to face, the sexual harassment and violence which she explores in the male dominated society. Nair discusses marital rape perpetrated by the modern Indian male in her novels. The restrictions prevalent in Indian family prevent the Indian girls from youthful love before marriage. Girls are generally not allowed to mix with boys during their adolescence. The girls feelings are not shown as they are rarely expressed in real life. It is common for all girls in the middle class to express their love or make decisions. As the girls are confined at home the most part of their pleasing others becomes their prime duty at home. Shashi Deshpande rightly judges that, everything in girls life, it seemed was shaped to that single purpose of pleasing a male (79). The novel Mistress discusses the sexual violence and the repressive power of Shyam in the marital relationship of Shyam and Radha. This novel revolves around the life of Radha, Shyam and their morbid marriage against the backdrop of the narratives of Radhas uncle Koman, who is a Kathakali exponent. Her unhappy situation in the ill matched marriage drives her into the arms of Chris, an American writer. The novel culminates in Radha finding her own voice and deciding to go against the repressive force of her husband. The most remarkable part of the novel is the characterization of Shyam, which is a perfect mould of a modern, educated, tech savvy Indian male who finds it hard to shed his traditional role as a man. Nair has given Shyam his own voice through his first person narrative and thereby taking the reader straight into his mind. Shyam is a twenty first century male through and through. He is extremely successful in his business, which is his undoing in a sense. He is never reluctant to turn any opportunity into a money making venture. His only failure perhaps is his inability to understand his wife and treat her as an individual who has a mind for her own. To him, Radha is another possession, which he is proud of, as he is of his business ventures. He often refers to her as My Radha (90) as if to affirm his ownership. Simone de Beauvoir speaks about this masculine trait in The Second Sex: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Subordinated economically and socially to her husband, the good wife is the mans most precious treasure. She belongs to him so profoundly that she partakes the same essence as he; she has his name, his gods, and he is responsible for her. He calls her his better half. He takes pride in his wife as he does in his house, his lands, his flocks, and his wealth and sometimes even more; through her he displays his power before the world; she is his measure and his earthly portion. (207) Shyams idea of marriage is to keep a pretty wife, indulge in her wishful fancies and make her dependent on him. He does not want an assertive woman as a wife. Radha and Shyam are incompatible in many ways and Radha feels suffocated by her marriage. She compares herself to the butterfly which can be taken as a good example of repression. His arms pins me to the bed. His bed. I think that for Shyam, I am a possession. A much cherished possession. That is my role in his life. He doesnt want an equal; what he wants is a mistress. Someone to indulge and someone to indulge him with feminine wilesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I think of the butterfly I caught and pinned to a board when it was still alive, its wings spread so as to display the markings, oblivious that somewhere within, a little heart beat, yearning to fly. I am that butterfly now. (Mistress 87) Feminism voices the new womans demand to be treated as an equal human being, rather than a piece of furniture meant for the convenience of man. The repression of woman is expressed well in the novels of women writers in all its intensity. Shyam wanted to prove that he is the husband and he has complete right over his wifes body whether she welcomes the intrusion or not. Shyams perpetrate acts of sexual violence leaves a deep scar on Radha, where as, he is quite satisfied with what he has done without any remorse. He is blind in his pursuit and does not care for Radhas feelings. His only aim is to bring her under control by suppressing her desires and emotions. The key to happiness in marriage is the ability to endure and go on. But there are many marriages where women are dominated by their husbands and do not find freedom and space in their marital life. There is a new breed of women who is questioning the very institution of marriage and the double standards of judgment applied to women and men. Panduranga Rao rightly admires that, Given the limitations of tradition and its inhibitive influence one cannot but admire the guts of these women who have taken it upon themselves to question and question logically what comes to be accepted as a divine fiat in matters of man-woman relationship and related areas. (Ra0 75) For Shyam, Radha is his proud possession and the marriage between Shyam and Radha fails to be a marriage of minds or hearts. In place of an understanding and meaningful relationship that marriage can be, Shyam wants an unequal relationship that would make Radha his proud possession so the marriage between Shyam and Radha is not a marriage of minds or hearts. Radha has no expectations from the institutions of marriage. Shyam always does things to maintain his prestige. He says I am a survivor everyday and in every way. Im getting better and better (160). This attitude makes Radha uneasy. She is escorted everywhere and has little freedom to do anything on her own. All her desires and emotions were totally repressed. In her relationship with Shyam she feels, I think that for Shyam, I am a possession. A much cherished possession. That is my role in his life. He doesnt want an equal; what he wants is a mistress. Someone to indulge and someone to indulge him with feminine wiles. (Mistress 153) She is blamed always for being disorderly. She never arranged books in the shelf properly. There is a lack of meaningful communication between them which leads to a rift in their relationship. However, Shyam admires Radha in every way and loves her very much. Radha says Shyam likes to think of me prettying myself for him. He prefers a glossy, silly wife to a homely, practical one. Glossy, silly wives are malleable (Mistress 61). She is kept at home like a bird in the cage unable to exhibit her talents. When he prevents her from going to the match factory, a clash occurs again between them. Radha is also thwarted from taking tuitions in a primary school. Shyams domination over her prevents her from making a choice of her own. This kind of domination makes her feel suffocated and she asks him, Dont I have a right to a

Dentralization: Pros and Cons :: Organizational Structure

When it comes to decentralization, there are many pros and cons. Decentralization can be beneficial in the fact that it allows for experts to take control of specific functions of an organization and easily convey information back and forth. It also allows for direct contact and relationships with managers. Decentralization also allows managers to participate in planning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately, there are disadvantages of decentralization as well. Some managers will find that they have too much work to do and other will have too little. It will also become difficult to have managers take on different tasks or projects if needed because of overspecialization. Also, if one manager leaves, there will not be anyone to pick up his place with quite the same knowledge and expertise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Centralization is another method which has its pros and cons. A positive aspect is the fact that the corporate decision maker has full control over the organization and the decisions that the organization must follow. The organization may also benefit from the fact that all information is reported to the corporate decision maker; he or she listens to all comments and concerns and is able to infer from all information received.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are disadvantages to centralization as well. The larger an organization becomes, the more information that one manager has to comprehend and consider; eventually he/she will need help. Tasks will have to be divided or else the organization will become disorganized and at times, seem chaotic. What happens if the manger is away for whatever reason?

The Diffusion and Adaptation of Public Achievement in Northern Ireland †An Activist’s Perspective. :: Politics Political

The Diffusion and Adaptation of Public Achievement in Northern Ireland – An Activist’s Perspective Acknowledgements – This paper and its presentation was made possible by funding from the European Programme for Peace and Reconciliation, Measure 4.1, from the Office of the First and Deputy First Minister, Stormont, Belfast. The author would also like to acknowledge the assistance of his Northern Ireland based and international colleagues, and the patience beyond reason of his family, Kim, Raffy and Evie. ‘For years I would not let the dark gods of politics and religion possess me. Unlike many of my age and background, I had made that mythic leap and crossed the Jordan. My Protestant working-class background and all its shibboleths would not contain me. I chose to ask questions and not accept ready made answers. We discover our own answers if we have the will to do so; and if we are not afraid of the confrontation with ourselves that such a journey might entail. †¦Those who ‘cross the Jordan’ and seek out truth through a different experience from the one they are born to, ... theirs is the greatest struggle. To move from one cultural ethos into another, as I did, and emerge embracing them both demands more of a man than any armed struggle. For here is the real conflict by which we move into manhood and maturity. For unless we know how to embrace the other we are not men and our nationhood is wilful and adolescent. Those who struggle through turbulent Jordan waters have gone beyond the glib definitions of politics or religion. The rest remain standing on either bank firing guns at one another. I had had enough of gun-fire, the rhetoric of hate and redundant ideologies.’ Brian Keenan – An Evil Cradling (p16) Introduction In telling the story of Public Achievement in Northern Ireland, I want to employ 3 interweaving narratives – personal, organisational and societal. The organisational spans the period from May 1998 to the present (November 2003), as does much of the societal - though I will touch on some historical and more recent events and developments to illustrate this story. I approach the subject as a participant, a practitioner and one who has invested large chunks of my life in pursuit of more humane, democratic and life-enhancing ways of living in what has been a brutal and stunting place.

Its Time to Stop Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Essays

Since its establishment, the United States has always had an industry where humans have sold other humans for profit. Although the United States abolished slavery and human trafficking with the thirteenth amendment in 1865, the human trafficking industry has not even begun to disappear, despite all the efforts made against it. Human trafficking is an issue that affects various people. As author Kevin Bales said in The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today, human trafficking is of â€Å"equal opportunity† (18). It can affect all kinds of people regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity. Victims of human trafficking are sold for the purpose of being exploited through labor sexual acts. It is estimated that there are between 14,500 and 17,500 individuals trafficked into the United States annually (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Many criminals throughout the world often traffic humans with the intent of sending them to America. The United S tates is one of the top ten global destinations of human traffickers. Because of this, the country’s issue has a significant influence over the amount of people being trafficked worldwide as well (U.S. Department of State 359). In effort to reduce and prevent human trafficking, the United States has passed several laws such as the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 and the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (U.S. Department of State 1). Although passing these laws was a significant hit against human trafficking, the issue still persists. Because of this, the United States should modify its current system against human trafficking by creating more laws to fight the issue. This should be done to ... ...-troubling-shortage-of- organ-donors-in-the-u-s/2/>. United States of America. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Human Trafficking Into and Within the United States: †¨A Review of the Literature. By Heather J. Clawson, Nicole Dutch, Amy Solomon, and Lisa Goldblatt Grace. Aug. 2009. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. . United States of America. U.S. Department of State. Office To Moniter and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Trafficking in Persons Report. U.S. Department of State, 19June 2012. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. . United States of America. U.S. Department of State. U.S. Laws on Trafficking in Persons. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. .

Chinese Culture Essay

Chinese Culture changed during the Qin Dynasty. There was an increase in trade, agriculture, and military protection. The central government now had direct control of the population, allowing the ability to have a much bigger workforce. Many projects such as the Great Wall of China were done because of this. The Qin Dynasty had several reforms in China’s society; such as money, advanced writing system, and the weights and measurements became the same units. Book burning and burying of scholars occurred due to the desire to purge all traces of the old dynasties. The Qin’s military was revolutionary due to the fact of more developed weaponry, transportation, and military tactics. All this was done even though China’s government was strict and bureaucratic. Future Chinese regimes were influenced because of this Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was the emperor that was buried in the tomb. He was the first emperor of China. After 200 years of war between 6 states, he unified China. His rule only lasted for 15 years, but left a lasting impact on the country’s history. A few of Qin’s remnants were the legalist principles, a Chinese philosophy that followed hard discipline agreeing to the rule of law. This belief helped Qin to rule the masses in a more centered power order and show a very influential way to rule, but this did now allow for disagreement to occur. Qin introduced a uniform written language which helped the government to communicate and carry out policies. Scholars could share information to a bigger population which helped lead to the transfer of culture. Having one language helped the later dynasties to communicate with the nomads and pass along information on how to compromise or fight with them. The invention of constructing roads allowed better connection between major cities and provinces. The dynasty standardized the length of axles in carts so they could all ride on new roads. The construction of the Great Wall of China made a mark in history for the country’s boundaries, causing a greater unity. The nomadic tribes in the north were not able to attack because of the Great Wall protecting its Country. They dynasty standardizes all weights and measures, leading to a more effortless exchange of goods, and developing a taxation system. The Chinese money is also made equal all over, allowing even more efficiency of exchange in goods. Qin Shihuang had a lasting impact in the power of leadership in China. After his death in 206 BCE, his son, and later his grandson, took power but bother were short lived. The Qin Dynasty ended in 206 BCE. After his death, the same states that were in war before he became the emperor, began to fight again and many leaders sprang up over China until the Han Dynasty. Even though this happened, the lasting effects of practices that were put in place in the Qin Dynasty, lasted throughout the centuries. Qin’s power came from his top-down rule, and people conformed to his rule because of his powerful personality. They followed him because he showed them a vast difference in comparison to their small kingdoms, giving a way to a beginning of a future nation-state. The fact that China is names after Qin just goes to show how big of an influence he really was. For more than 2 thousand years Taoism has been the religious tradition that has influenced the people of East Asia. The work, Tao means the â€Å"path† or â€Å"way†, but with numerous subtle differences in folk religion and Chinese philosophy. There are three Jewels of Tao that are underlined: compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoism teaches mostly on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. The reason for all of Taoist’s rules and practices is to have Harmony with the Universe. Another thing that is popular in Taoism is godly fear for ancestor spirits and immortals. There is folk religion Taoism, and then there is organized Taoism, the difference is their rituals. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, Zen Buddhism, many Chinese martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, and feng shun, and many style of qigong have been weaved with Taoism throughout history. Another philosophy developed in China is Confucianism. It came from the teachings of Confucius; Master Kong, 551-478 B.C. It is a complex system of moral, political, philosophical, social, and part religious thought that influences the culture and history of East Asia. Some East Asian countries consider it to be a state religion because of the adopted philosophies of Confucius. China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam all are influenced by Confucianism as well as Singapore. The very first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang was the patron. Not long after he became emperor, he ordered to have his mausoleum be built. It was ordered to be build at the foot of Li Mountain in Xian. Part of his grave goods was the Terra Cotta warriors. It is believed that it took 700,00 men and 40 years to build the mausoleum. Qin wanted not only to be the greatest king alive, but in his death and for eternity. This is why he would not allow a chance for there to be a rebellion between the 6 states that were in war with each other. The terra cotta army was built there to suppress them, and execute his dream of everlasting. This is why he built the army in his tomb.

Does Doctor Know Best? Essay

At what point can a doctor act against the mothers wishes to save an unborn child? Should the court have a say in the final medical decision of a dying patient? These situations and more were discussed by the panel members where it became very obvious that there are no absolutes when making these types of decisions. The root of the argument stems from the lack of a decisive role that is responsible for making decisions when faced with conflicting moral issues. The doctors felt that an agreement with the mother regarding treatment should be followed until, according to their best judgment, she is no longer capable of making the decision on her own. The doctor is put in an ambiguous position to make a final decision since it would seem that his professional opinion is secondary to the choices of the mother. It was argued that a spouse or parent could make the decision at this point, rather than the doctor, especially if it were concerning the care for the as-yet unborn child. However, the rights of the unborn child are called into question if the choice may potentially cause the death of the child. At this point, the doctors looked towards legislative measures to not only protect themselves from legal action, but to establish some sort of precedent to follow. However, even the judge was hesitant to take on the role and stated that it should be judged on a case by case basis. Whether they maintain the agreement with the mother, or alter treatment to save the child, the doctors will always be in conflict when determining where the doctor/patient relationship lies and when it is appropriate to take action against the will of the patient.