Colonial history US History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colonial history US History - Research Paper ExampleThis information has been pull together over the past seven days through intelligence by the forces. Relevant sources inform that at that place is news spreading through the countryside that some leaders had strayed in Lexington, and had weapons stored in Concord for purposes of destabilizing the crown. General rotter who sent his aides to towns large number in the past four days organized this intelligence congregation hence, the reservess were aware of Gages mission and intelligence plans. Therefore, they had established a communication system so that they could know in advance when the governments forces were coming (The Battle of Lexington 310). This was made to ensure that their force supplies were safe. The militia is said to be under the command and organization of sympathetic colonialists Samuel Adams and John Hancock.One of the militias comrades Paul Revere had organized a communication system of alerting the militia o f the soldierys coming and actions. On 19 April, upon spotting the British army, he used two lanterns as a signal of the British forces approach to seize the military equipments in Concord. However, aware of the generals interest in the town, the militia were said to have moved their equipment to other towns away from Concord (The Battle of Lexington 310). Word has it that he rode while signaling the lanterns from the north church across the Charles River. Revere and Dowse hurriedly rode their horses to the west of the town to sound the warning of the British arrival. The other messengers awakened the town by using the church bells, look of drums and firing shots to call everyone out. The town was suddenly running up and down from the alarms moreover, John Parker who lined them up as the warning continued organized the militia.The militias actions are likely to mark the antecedent of a revolution against the crown this is expressed by the events that happened before the shot that was heard around Lexington and people say was

Theater 1&2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theater 1&2 - analyse ExampleAs for the developing plot point, it is important to describe that all significant events in the story be happened because of mistaken situations that are weaved through the entire story. Shakespeares characters usually muddle up the check in the play. Comedy of errors deals with two pairs of twins that are children of merchant and servant accordingly (Shakespeare). It is worse to mention that all fallacious situations occur without somebodys desired intentions. This has been fortuitous proceedings and no adept is guilty in such mistakes.Moreover, such confusing situations bring comedy in this play. The readers may shade sarcastic mood and acrimonious implications because of these somehow ridiculous faults. It is adopt that number of errors absolutely ad perpetually built the story.The intention to show a modern pop version of Shakespeares Othello to prisoners remains to be a great idea. This play relates to a big number of significant moral and social problems that are relevant to the great deal in prison. As the creative producer of the show Rick Boynton mentions it is a tragical story when jealousy overcomes your reasons, and someones influence on you is more important than your own believes. It is clear that such influence is not always positive what leads to unpleasant implications. Anyway, this story gives an appropriate chance for the prisoners to theorise over their problems and to make some conclusions.Besides, such event is considered to a pleasant entertainment for the people in prison that diversify their life and create some memorable moments in their life behind bars. That is a big social deal that includes positive implications to the life of criminals.Given video represents the stills where the prisoners are transformed into actors. These people have made terrible crimes and they have been punished for that. Time in prison remains to be a recovery period for them. Shakespeares plays are a

Marketing Reserch Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Reserch - Assignment Example(Mumbai Mirror, Business Briefs, 28 May 2007).the grand potential of the inter send away for genuine marketing purposes. And with the rising volumes of online trading, the menace is only threatening to grow besides unchecked. (Times of India, Times Business section, 25 May 2007).Small retailers and street vendors have protested, and in some cases, even up ransacked outlets operated by modern retailers. This in part has been provoked by an unprecedented rush in the make it two geezerhood mostly by Indian corporate houses who have said they privation to invest billions of dollars to roll out thousands of stores selling everything from fruits to furniture.Higher prices may reduce the attraction of palm crude as a substitute for soya bean oil, especially in China and India, the biggest importers of both oils. It may also make palm oil less attractive in its use in cutting applications such as bio-fuels. (Mint, Money Matters, p17, 31 May 2007 , www.livemint.com).Although revenue jumped 37%, Indias leading retailer, Shoppers Stop, reported a fourth quarter loss of Rs. 22 mess aboution ( US$ 543,210), for the year 2006-07. This in spite of opposition from separate majors like Reliance Retail and Bharti-Wal-Mart, yet to begin. While management has blamed competition, other factors like soaring employee and operating costs including bludgeoning depreciation also have a decisive subprogram in the loss. (Business Today, Its beginning to hurt, p46, 03 June 2007M, www.business-today.com).Five examples of problem-solving research 1. Smart Accounting helps Dunlop turn around. After 12 years in the red, Dunlop India reported a positive net worth in April for 2006-07. Compared to a negative net worth of Rs. 2611.50 million (US$ 64.5 million) in 2005-06, Dunlop reported Rs 1518.20 million (US$ 37.5 million) in the positive net worth last year. Evaluating its real estate, the company transferred part of it to its associate compani es, including Dunlop Properties and Bharatiya Hotels. Instead of paying cash, these companies have issued shares of equal worth to Dunlop, which has schedule them as other income, thereby shoring up its balance sheet. (Business Today, Dunlops Paper Trick, p52, 03 June 2007, www.business-today.com). 2. Handloom industry to get a new lease of life. The handloom industry is the second largest economic activity in the country after agriculture. India is by chance the only country to produce handlooms on large, commercial scale. However, overpowered by the presence of power loom and mill sectors, the industry is going through a lean phase. However, officials are pinning their hopes on the recent initiatives of the framework ministry to boost the dwindling prospects of the handloom industry. The ministry has initiated the development of Handloom Export Zones (HEZ) at various handloom clusters in

Marketing ( Customer Relationship Management ) Assignment - 1

Marketing ( Customer relationship Management ) - Assignment ExampleTop organizations such as Southwest Airlines agnise the importance of concentrating on guests and staff members and this focus conducts to the way success is measures and managed. He further states that the managers need to revenge employees who will get out in increase in satisfaction and loyalty of customers. The term further states that satisfaction of employees will lead to retention of employees which is the top priority of world leading organization. The article even states that if managers are able to satisfy customer needs, they will be able to retain customers and repeat purchases will arise. The leaders need to realize the importance of customer retention as customer retention will result in good referral activity which will result in growth of the organization and organizations customer base. The article exhibits a diagram that depicts the service-profit chain, the diagram depicts that an organizatio ns revenue increases due to loyal customers, loyalty is caused and increased through customer satisfaction, satisfaction has a direct relation with the quality of goods and services and quality of goods and services are created by satisfied employees.Heskett, . L. (1994, April 1). Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work - Harvard Business Review . Harvard Business Review Magazine, Blogs, Case studies, Articles, Books, Webinars . Retrieved November 11, 2012, from

Five Challenges for the Future of Media-Effects Essay

louvre Challenges for the Future of Media-Effects - Essay ExampleThrough the research of Peter and Valkenburg, it is vivid that the effect of media on individuals is evident. scarcely at this turn on, they both have managed to show that these effects show a slight or major difference when comp atomic number 18d to other disciplines.Five Challenges for the Future ofMedia-EffectsResearch shows that the changes in cognition, emotional and behavioral attitude of individuals traceable to the media effects are different from other social and behavioral sciences. They have presented a number of figures and statistics that point out this difference. They have gathered the results of different experiments performed by different experts to show the deviations. These surveys of different experiments helped them to construct their design that ordain further be strengthened by the drawbacks and solutions. They completely agree with the fact that the media effects are inevitable and they af fect every individual. But the impact of this effect depends on age, gender and taste that is often overlooked while experimenting or collecting data.The authors then present five major challenges that need non be overlooked while carrying out an experiment that determines the effect of a certain act on individuals. They travel from micro level to macro keeping in mind the minute details that shall non be overlooked. The first challenge is the Improvement of Media Exposure Measures that includes the risk of self-reporteddata in which an individual skill feel uncomfortable while revealing intimate information due to public pressure so this will give an judgement shaped by social pressure, not by the personal opinion which will affect the results. To avoid this we should divide the genres and then ask the willing and able candidates to provide information. This will help in collecting pure opinions. The second challenge is More Attention to Conditional Media Effects.

Should Women Who Commit Murder Be Treated More Leniently Research Paper

Should Women Who Commit Murder Be Treated More leniently - Research Paper ExampleThe treatment and sentencing of women who commit murders have been discussed thoroughly by different theorists and sociologists. The blend in of Nagel and Weitzman in 1971 has since established that women seem to receive preferential treatment in their sentencing (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2006). The chivalry and focal concerns theories argon two of the main theories which have sought to let off this pattern of social behavior. The chivalry guess was outgrowth seen in the 1970s and is mainly based on the cultural stereotypes related to gender. In this case, this theory sets out that women are fickle and childlike and therefore are not responsible for their criminal activities (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2006). Women should, therefore, be protect by the men who should do everything in their power to reduce the pain and suffering that these women experience. In effect, this theory suggests that society desires to treat women more leniently than men (Heberle, 1999, p. 1107). This hesitation based on this theory refers to its reasons for womens status as mothers and vulnerable figures sexually. The focal concerns theory is yet another theory which sought to explain the seemingly preferential treatment of female criminals. This theory sets forth that due to the limited time that settle have on their cases, they often do not receive sufficient information on defendants and their cases. Consequently, in the course of their adjudication, their personal opinions and preferences can often significantly impact on the way they render sentences on defendants (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007). In the end, these judges sometimes end up crediting attributes about a defendants financial obligation and recidivism based on blameworthiness, dangerousness and practical constraints (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007). In the process, they too end up crediting certain gender-based qualities to the offend ers. They would likely panorama women to be less of a risk to the community and less likely to be a backslider and they would likely view male offenders to be at fault and therefore, more responsible for their crimes (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007). This theory also sets forth that men are more capable of doing their time in prison as compared to females.

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING assignment 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING assignment 4 - Essay ExampleTo some, integrity thing could be different form another, to someone else. They precisely have different set of requirements which booster them to conceptualize what they think is true.The point when emergency changes have to be made to systems they can be circumscribed in the requirements catalogue using a suitable process model. The model to be employed is the whirl model. The process activities involved in maintaining the consistency between the requirements document and the system implementation areThe scroll model is best to be used as it keeps on circling and thereby steps in alone the phases of software development life cycle including system implementation and requirements documentation gets implemented. It makes the system consistent by circling every time a change takes place in the software and traveling all the phases so as to make it organized and complete. It is the best model to accommodate the changes in the busi ness environment and document it for future reference.

Moral Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

lesson Dilemma - Essay Example(Moral Dilemmas Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Therefore, it makes good sense to estate that for a given agent, under a set of given circumstances, there are originators to do any A or B, and this even when it is a fact that one set of reasons may be stronger than the other. (Foot, 2003) Does this mean, for a fact, that any(a) moral dilemmas end up with a residue of guilt (Moral Dilemmas and Moral Ambiguity) This is a locating which in essence constitutes a real life moral dilemma a woman, who is six months pregnant, discovers that she has catgut drive outcer. She must undergo treatment for the same, which is chemotherapy, but at the same time, she has been informed that the treatment would most credibly end up deforming her unborn baby.Should the woman decide to go ahead with the chemotherapy, thus taking a chance with her unborn baby, or must she opt to wait for the baby to be born in order to start treatment, which may in fact endanger he r own life What are the ethical issues involved in such a case, and what is the moral dilemma that the woman is facing at the make up time The main issue or moral dilemma would be whether the woman must opt to have the chemotherapy or not. What then would be the alternatives for the unfortunate woman What are the different ethical issues that would be involved in the alternative courses of action for the woman Is it possible for the woman to be able to reason out, eventually, which horn of the moral dilemma would in fact be the best choice possible (Moral Dilemmas and Moral Ambiguity) What are the ethical issues involved in this case What, as a motion of fact, is referred to as ethics, and what is morality How can an individual behave in a moral and in an ethical manner Today, especially, these issues and other same ones seem to be overtaking the people, and most especially, younger people, who are faced with rapid changes and developments in all aspects of life. For example, on e issue that has been in the forefront for some time is that of bioethics. This is an extremely difficult field, because it is almost all the time concerned with some of the subjects that trouble man the most, life, death, the nature of both, what manikin of life is actually outlay living, what exactly constitutes murder, how exactly one must treat individuals who are in constant and relentless pain, what sort of responsibilities does one human being have towards another, and so on and so forth. (Issues in Bioethics, ethical dilemmas in biology and practice of medicine)The other topic that seems to be the cause of several rancorous debates between groups of people is that of spontaneous abortion of the fetus, pregnancy choices of a woman and other related issues. Medical treatments is also one issue that troubles some(prenominal) people, and the related topics here would be what is death, and what exactly constitutes the state of death Is there a bright filiation of sorts that would identify and state that this is what death is (Issues in Bioethics, ethical dilemmas in biology and medicine) As a matter of fact, doctors are faced all the time with moral dilemmas, and as far as Western medicine is concerned, the doctor-patient relationship gives rise to the principle of not doing any harm or what is known as non-malfeasance.

Transitional Media Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Transitional Media Corporations - Essay ExampleNew World Information and Communication Order (NWIO) activists at UNESCO and structural theorists revisit this argument over and over when naming the believed destructive impact that the existing orbicular communication system has on worlds culture (Aris & Bughin 2009). The structural argument states that western sandwich media bleed as a medium of Western culture, Western customs, and Western values. In conjunction with entertainment and news, Western media transmit to Third World countries depictions of a more affluent life and more adventurous slipway of life (Herman & McChesney 1997). To the point that LDCs are reliant on the West for the broadcasting of their global news and entertainment, they purportedly become embedded in the cultural representation of the West. Images of Western culture are believed to generate economic, political, and mixer changes in worlds culture via the demonstration effect. Western media supposedly ki ndle aspirations on the set about of the LDCs to imitate the culture of Western countries (Thussu 1998). This is a culture rooted mostly on consumer-oriented and capitalist economies. As aspirations for a more westernised culture heighten, so do the desires for Western products and services. Consequently, this purportedly results in elevated import of goods from Western countries and heightened reliance by Third World countries on their Northern trading partners (Chalaby 2009). As state by Anthony Smith. The structural argument states that Western media function as a medium.

Should the Government Subsidize Higher Education Essay

Should the Government Subsidize Higher Education - Essay representativeThis paper approve that people who assume higher education argon able to distribute their clip and resources more rationally, thus the effectiveness of their labor is increased. It is also that they are taught to use the variety of methods for solving this or that problem instead of concentrating on one method. Higher education gives its recipients the basic knowledge in polar spheres of social and cultural science, thus presenting them a massive of additional information that is often helpful in their future job. It is also that government subsidizing of higher education gives opportunities to obtain financial and social status to those who wouldnt waste managed to earn it otherwise. Its a proven fact that people with a degree earn more than those who dont have it, thus higher education is the only way to wealthy life for most of the American citizens.This esay makes a conclusion that the system of subsidizin g of the higher education in the U.S should be changed for to open the access to education to those who are really unable to finance by themselves, instead of lowering the college expenditures for those who can already allow give for it. The amount of merit-based aid should be decreased for to increase the expenditures for the need-based aid. It is also that the financial aid should be quite an given in the form of grants instead of making students take the loans they later have great difficulties repaying.

You guys have to write through order instruction Assignment - 1

You guys have to write through order instruction - Assignment ExampleThe bookman can use these texts as the complement to the standard books or it can also be utilize alone for studies.When it is concerned with text reading, we do not agree with Machiavelli that it is better for the Prince (United States) to be parsimonious instead than generous. This is because the situation is completely different today as both nations have nuclear weapons which are hitch to open war as it has the capability to destroy the complete world.Even if the government itself does not denote the open war, the finger which is steeped in fear or hate can accidently click the button which exit fire the first salvo. Machiavelli lived in an age where such total destruction of the world could not be imagined. So, in most of the cases today, this can be only lead misunderstandings and further cracking up of the relationship. The good-will can inspire the goodwill in most of the cases which leads to mutual rap port in

Self-Evaluation of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-Evaluation of Life - Essay caseThe society that I come from places a lot of importance on godliness, honour and obedience to the teachings of religion. I live in a society that is characterized by diversity in all aspects of life from religion to cultural and traditional practices. This created a conflict of interest on my part because I wanted to take note the integrity of my beliefs, and at the same time adapt and thrive in this dynamic new ground (Casino, 58). There were significant forces that had an influence on my life, and in retrospect, there were some that were positive while others were negative. It is during this sign transitional period that I was faced with the possibility of losing direction in life when I met a fellow fellow citizen. He had recognised the same predicament I was presently facing, and when he set with my situation, he endeavoured to help me cope with the situation. He introduced me to other people who had g sensation through the same experien ce of identity conflict. Through sharing about our experiences in the past and present with each other, I was fitted to feel better about myself and better equipped to deal with cultural shock. I am forevermore thankful to this person for helping me preserve my sense of identity and beliefs of my heritage. There are things in ones life that hold meaning, in the sense that they represent, to them core elements that are part of self and their identity. I come from a society that has excellent pride in the breed of horses that are bred and reared, by the people.

Persepolis and Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter and...Spring Essay

Persepolis and Spring, Summer, Fall, wintertime and...Spring - Essay ExampleIt is one of a kind movie, for it is rare that politico-historical subjects are treated in an life history format. This cinematic experiment has worked out well, as symbolism and abstract depictions are well suited to socio-political drama. Spring, Summer, Fall, pass and...Spring is a sea captainpiece in its own right. This film treats such difficult subjects as nature v nurture, religion, meaning of life, human tendencies for sin, methods for salvation, etc. Broad and yet complicated in its interpretative scope, the film director conveys his musings principally by visuals set amongst brilliant natural scenery. Dialogues playing second fiddle as a narration device but are potent nevertheless. The two main characters of the two films are Marjane and the youngish monastic respectively. The character and life story of the young monk holds a better universal appeal, as the director treats his life hist ory via universal metaphors. In other words, the events, conditions and temptations that confront the young monk are representative of broader humanity. Religion is shown in a benign gay in Spring, Summer...while it is shown as oppressive in Persepolis. Indeed, in the life of young Marjane, religion (at least those who claim to stand for it) is authoritative, repressive and cruel. In contrast, in Spring, Summer..., the young monk comes of age by committing mistakes that were discouraged by his religious code. Yet, his wise master was not preventative of those mistakes, although he was well cognizant of their implications. The wise and experienced master allows his ward to learn the realities of life by himself. The master is not indifferent to the wellbeing of his ward, but merely austere and understated in his guidance. For the master knows scriptures cannot substitute real life experience and that the young monk will have to eventually discovery his own way out of worldly temp tations. Hence, the process of coming of age for the young monk is by learning to see his own shortcomings. The compassion and warmth of the wise master was also instrumental in his growth. In contrast, in the case of Marjane, the process of coming of age is not through understanding her frailties. To the contrary, she is a regular girl with normal affections and inclinations reflecting various stages of growth. But the country in which she grows up Iran was going through radical political upheavals. She gets valuable guidance through elders in her family, most notably, her uncle and her grandmother. Her uncle fought the excesses of Shahs regime and was persecuted for the same. Later, when he objected to the oppression of the Islamic regime, he was imprisoned and eventually executed. But he made a profound impression on the formative mind of young Marjane. His words of advice to her stay true to yourself, never agree on your dignity - would remain as a guiding beacon to Marjane whenever she is troubled by hearty and political circumstances. Her grandmother too reiterates the thoughts of her illustrious uncle and admonishes Marjane whenever she breaches those lofty standards. Marjane grows up, albeit with lots of hurdles en-route, by upholding her principles in light of strong authoritarian opposition. She doesnt always win, as illustrated by her sad return to home from capital of Austria and her short-lived marriage. But, she is the stronger for it. This is evident in her last

Leadership and Steve Jobs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and Steve Jobs - Research Paper ExampleDuring his stay at apple, Steve Jobs was praised due to his ability to grammatical construction the strategies of the company and its goals into an appealing story. The ability was evident through his ability to structure a coherent and a highly compelling narrative that merged the mission and the values creation pursued, which was a key theme as a strategy for Apple. Based on the storytelling abilities of Steve Jobs and the management of the company, the narratives invite resulted in the development of highly effective marketing movements and campaigns. One of these marketing campaigns is the think different serial of advertisements, which offered the company, a platform from which they could distinguish themselves from competing companies (Lashinsky & Burke, 2009).Through the storytelling and idea packaging abilities, Jobs was able to structure the visions of the company, about its products in ways that different stakeholders could identify with. For example, Jobs projected the vision of developing user-friendly computers that would change the lives of people equal the telephone and automobiles had done, which the company realized (Lashinsky & Burke, 2009).This characteristic is evidenced by the ability of a leader, to develop meanings near factors, forces and trends that are external to the handicraft, and then utilise the knowledge to develop models and to formulate business strategies that differentiate the business from others. Following Steve Jobs ability to seize available and upcoming opportunities, Steve Jobs was able to align the Apple Company to the external environment of the organization to develop opportunities (Dalrymple, 2009). Following his outlook, Jobs was able to tell that the niche in the personal computing was not large enough for the company to exploit. Following the realization, Jobs was able to foresee the

The Role of Corporate Responsibility and Ethics in the Workplace Essay

The Role of Corporate Responsibility and Ethics in the body of ca-ca - Essay ExampleAs the report declares companies ease up an obligation to act responsibly and ethic whollyy in any country that they based their operations in, regardless of any perceived economic or governmental factors that might come into play. This particular example shows that PharmaCare failed to live up to this expected code of conduct. PharmaCare seemingly was amplification driven, like any company throughout the world, so far the exhibited a lack of compassion in relations with the people of Colberia and their obvious disparity in terms of wealth. The situation presented in the case study is cardinal of paying ridiculously low wages to the people, while flaunting their own wealth openly in the community. They could give way chosen to raise wages to a sustainable direct in an effort to help the country, yet they opted to ensure that the people of Colberia remained in poverty.This paper discusses tha t responsible international companies look at view all of the employees, both domestic and foreign, as partners in the organization. The people of Colberia contributed to the overall early success of PharmaCare, so they should have been more adequately compensated. Wages certainly are non equal around the world, as cost of living of different. So, while it is true that the people of Colberia should not be compensated at the same level as Western employees, they should still be adequately rewarded for their work, particularly for their own medical ingenuity. In this regard, PharmaCares swear outs in Colberia certainly appear to be unethical, particularly when considering wages and working conditions. Donna, Tom, Ayesha Actions to Take PharmaCare has faced situations with spill employees. These decisions are certainly not to be taken lightly, and often exhibit the potential for legal action to be taken. The company itself is located in New Jersey, which is not currently a right to work state. As such, this situation is bit more difficult to tackle, as employees cannot generally be terminated without halal cause. In reading this case study, without knowing all of the particulars involved, it certainly appears as though the firings would technically be legal, although the circumstances surrounding each should have give PharmaCare reason to pause and consider their actions. In tone at the case of Donna, she did honestly begin to miss quite a bit of work. We do not see where proof of the reasons she missed work were ever justified, other than blaming it on a mold curve in the office. This claim, however, was not proved. Now, if the allegations made by Tom were found to be true, he may precise well have a legal case in claiming that this termination was without proper cause. In regards to Ayesha, she would runner need to prove that she was being subject to

Exploring changes in futures prices - Financial Market Essay

Exploring changes in earlys worths - Financial Market - Essay ExampleThis report aims at solving issues and problems related to rising worth changes and how best they can be used to best suit the needs of the foodstuff. Future contracts A succeeding(a) is contract between two parties to buy or sell a financial asset or instrument at a fixed future date and at a predetermined price as argued by Chandra, (2008). Futures argon traded in the exchange which acts as an intermediary between the two parties. The harm of future contracts argon standardized as they indicate what is to trade, when to trade and where to trade. in that respect are three types of protections constituent(a) to ease citation risk in the futures. One, the daily settlement which is is usually settled in hard currency basis is a major protection that plays a significant role in easing faith risk. Two, margin which the balance is kept in the accounts to cover several days worth of potential market to market transfers. It is necessary for every trader to understand this locution of margin in reference to credit risk. Finally, the clearing house which guarantees transactions by insures daily settlement on market gains and losses. Forward contacts are not investments as a result it costs nothing to enter into the legally binding agreement. on that point are three ways of settling or closing out a contract. First, enter in an offsetting transaction. Two, make or taking physical delivery of the underlying commodity. Finally, cash settlement is another aspect that should be elaborated to traders entering into any form of future contracts. Over the counter forward contracts are flexible but they have their own disadvantages. They are unregulated as no formal system regulates the players in the market and they are only designated for specific needs. History of future contracts The first standardized future to be listed in the exchange was the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) in the year 1848 in the unite States. Other major exchanges in U.S include New York Mercantile shift (1872), Chicago Mercantile Exchange (1874) and Kansas City Board of Trade (1882). In Europe futures contracts in the Exchange include London global financial futures Exchange (LIFFE) and Amsterdam, Paris, Belgium exchanges merged with LIFFE to create Euronext LIFFE. This also merged with the Lisbon Stock Exchange. Types of future contracts There are two types of futures, those that provide cash settlement and those that provide physical delivery for commodity. Commodity futures much(prenominal) as coffee require physical delivery on the agreed day. Stock index future contract is an example of a cash settlement contract. They are settled on cash on the basis of index number at the closing day. Treasury bond futures are settled by dint of physical delivery of treasury bonds. Upon maturity, they have to convert into deliverable bond. A holder of short must(prenominal) deliver 100 treasury bonds mu st mature for at least 15 years. Treasury government note futures. Treasury bills matures after 3 months and thats when the holder delivers its face value Currency futures. Most of the currencies are traded at banks on a cash basis. Usefulness of future contrac

Beauty is in the Eyes of the Beholder Essay Example for Free

Beauty is in the Eyes of the Beholder actThroughout the decades of time, society has been continuously determining the intuition of what it is to be beautiful. The American standard of witness is lots reflected upon advertise ments that convey an unrealistic expectation for most everyday women. Whereas, teenagers have grown to interpret advertisements as a model for how they should appear physic every last(predicate)y. Marilyn Monroe was perceived as the epitome of beauty in the 1950s. The well-known sex image was recognized because of her curvaceous build. But for instance, Twiggy, a popular model in the midst of the 1960s, afterwards erect a misconstrued standard to what was beautiful. With the rising of her stardom, the glamorization of being thin was beginning to take a looseness on a more than positive none. That is until the famous 90s heroin chic model, Kate Moss, hit the scene pickings the modeling industry by storm in an unhealthy manner with her campaign Noth ing tastes as good as faithful feels. As time continues to inevitably move forward in American culture, as will the image and conception of what beauty truly is in the eyes of our society.The value of women has ever so been subjectified to that of their appearance therefore, the desired standard to be beautiful continues to evolve in the wrong steerings. Today, the media puts pressure on both girls and women to whole tone a specific type of way and throughout the bypast several old age it has begun surface more frequently due to the drastic lengths mass are willing to go to execute their idea of perfection. Molly Edmonds, a woman who wrote 10 Ways the Definition of Beauty Has Changed on a popular health website HowStuffWorks exclaims the problem is, what society considers beautiful has a tendency to change, which means our pursuit of beauty tends to be lifelong and subject to the whims of trendsetters. In American culture today, society is endlessly pushing the fair woman be compelled to the thought of have a slimming but toned stomach, long but stringy legs, basically, a perfectly proportioned body in order to bear acceptance from those amongst them.If a young feminine in this day and age is, for example born with brown, curly hair she might feel as if she has to have blonde, straight hair in order to fit in. As if somewhere in the realness there is a recipe for the perfect woman that requires specific ingredients and anexquisite taste. Most females are not satisfied with their physical features because of the image of this ideal woman that has been corrupted in the minds of people through radio, television, magazines, and movies by advertising with these countless models, which are materialized by their unrealistic slender bodies and high cheek bones. Basically, telling us that we are not good enough on our own skin that we need THEIR tips, THEIR products and THEIR services to veer into THEIR picture perfect, ideal women. To the naked eye, th ese various advertisements and ways of entertainment seem to be harmless but in the reality of the widespread problem, the media is relentlessly bombarding us with their desires, permanently damaging the self-esteem of both women and purge men.Although it isnt written about or explained through definitions, were able to recognize societys standard of beauty by the images of the men and women that are chosen to be projected. Beauty throughout the mid-century was evoked sensually through a pictorial look. Therefore, normal women were discovered for that certain type of look women handle Norma Jean, also known as Marilyn Monroe. travelling back into the 50s, a time where beautifully built women were praised by all, both men and women, because of their physical appearance. Marilyn Monroe was emulated for her full-figured altitude and ravishing natural beauty. Anne Peterson once wrote, Monroe was a presence impossible to ignore. Her image signified vitality and brazenness, sexual practice and innocence. It reset the standard of what it meant to be sexy, and what it meant to be sexy in public. No star has get atd the experimental condition quo as significantly since.After becoming playboy Magazines first cover model and centerfold, Monroe soon achieved in becoming one of the largest the sex symbols of the decade. The actions people displayed began to transcend from an uptight society to a point where people were free to express themselves. This added a boost to prod individuals into becoming more open with their sexuality preferably of hiding their true selves to those who surrounded them. In addition to modeling Marilyns acting career blossomed. People all over America were buying televisions to put in their homes, which caused moving film to play a practically larger persona in society than in previous decades. (Boyd) This new up rise in the ways of entertainment developed a type of industry where physical beauty was essential for qualificationa caree r. Marilyn Monroes signature blue eyes and curly blonde hair contributed to her stand out look compared to the other popular models and actresses of the era.As the years continued to pass, so had a tremendous development and perception of beauty through the eyes of our society. Since the 1960s, models such as Twiggy and Kate Moss have replaced more voluptuous figures like Marilyn Monroe as the new ideal of beauty and the desired male look has likewise become more trim and hard-bodied with each passing decade. (Tolerence) From the original curvaceous figure of Marilyn Monroe, that had rose along with television gross revenue in the 50s, to Twiggys emaciated figure that was popularized as the art of runway modeling began to become more common, and which later returned back to a more waifish or heroin chic look, increasing Kate Moss popularity in the fashion industry.Twiggys role in new fashion portrayal was probably the biggest change in ideals in the 20th century. This skinny look th at was advertised more and more, pushing the image that full-figured models were beautiful too created an uprooting dilemma throughout the years. fetching a turn for the worst in this time period, girls and women then began to obsess over both their pack and self-image. It wasnt until then was when many of the different eating disorders that are known today were discovered.George Santayana once said, Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. The quote is suitable to relevance of the fashion industry in a way that history does repeat itself. Each year that passes uncovers a new kind of fashion statement. Along with these statements comes a new image an image on how one needs to look to fit in. What society has had trouble grasping is that physical appear is not what beauty needs to be defined as. Beauty should be defined by the goodness of your heart and the knowledge you enlighten the world with.Works CitedTHE IDEAL fair sex THROUGH THE AGES. DISCOVERY NEWS. N.P. 12 DEC. 2012. WEB. 2 APRIL 2014.http//news.discovery.com/history/art-history/history-beauty-120412.htmPETERSON, ANNE. THE UNHERALDED MARILYN MONROE. THE HAIRPIN. N.P. 26 OCT. 2011. WEB. 2 APRIL 2014.http//thehairpin.com/2011/10/scandals-of-classic-hollywood-the-unheralded-marilyn-monroeEdmond, Molly. 10 Ways the Definition of Beauty Has Changed. HowStuffWorks. Web. 7 April 2014.http//health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/hygiene-tips/10-ways-the-definition-of-beauty-has-changed.htm/printableSIZE BIAS AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION. TOLERANCE. WEB. 7 APRIL 2014.http//www.tolerance.org/article/size-bias-social-constructionWood, Louise. Perceptions Of Female Beauty In The 20th Century. Web. 7 April 2014.http//barneygrant.tripod.com/p-erceptions.htmPlayboy. Wikipedia. Web. 7 April 2014.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayboyEtcoff, Nancy. Survival of the Prettiest. Web. April 7 2014.http//www.nytimes.com/books/first/e/etcoff-prettiest.html

Help Stop Bullying Essay Example for Free

Help Stop strong-arm EssayAn 11 year old mum boy, Carl Joseph Walker-Hoover, hung himself April 6, 2009 because he was being taunted daily for being gay. The m other(a) begged the take to address the problem, but nothing was constantly done some it and now a woman is left son less. That was at least the fourth suicide of a middle- train aged s swallowr linked to blustering(a) that year. Most harassment and intimidation go un account. Children ar being bullied each and every day, but the question is what should be done to blocking it? individually and every day a child is being teased or picked on because of the focusing they look, act, dress, or because of what they believe in. Children should not have to be tortured just because they ar not like everyone else. Children should be able to come to school and enjoy themselves and not worry about being picked on. A child that is being bullied can have many problems such as crushed self esteem and low self confidence wh ich could lead them to suicide. Also, children that are bullied may start doing poorly in school or maybe even drop out because they do not feel safe at school. Bullying really needs to be stooped because it can leave a child physically, emotionally, and mentally scarred for the rest of their lives.Some schools say that in that respect is very little that they can do about strong-arm because a lot of deterrence starts take of school property. Much of todays determent originates online, school officials said, with the growing use of social networking websites and cell phones has led to new ways to intimidate and tease. But because cyber bullying usually happens off-campus school administrators have little recourse (Nissley 2010). I do not agree with the school district when they say that there is little they can do. level off though, it may start online, it continues or extend worse at the school. With that being said, they need to try and do much so it can settlement all to gether no matter where it starts. The solution that they think allow for help stop bullying is if the educate student about it more. Like Nissley (2010) stated, In a model that has been mirrored by other school districts across the state, Abington Heights has been working on educating students as early as kindergarten about bullying and their responsibility to report it when they see it (p. 1).I think that it is good to educate the students about bullying and describe it, but what is that really going to do? As we all know a lot of students volition not tell because they will be too afraid. Or if they do tell they will be little done about it and they will continue to get bullied. So, their solution would not be powerful at all. Safe to learn Embedding anti-bullying work in schools is the overarching anti-bullying guidance for schools and was launched in 2007 (teacherNet, 2009, p. 2). It seems that everyone thinks that the solution to stop bullying is just to educate students ab out it.I think that it is good that they are seek to educate students about the issue, but we all know that it is going to take more than that to stop bullying. It does not matter how some(prenominal) information you provide the students with about bullying, it cool off is not going to do anything. People have been trying to stop bullying by just verbalize students it is not the right thing to do for years and nothing has changed. As you see, they tried this solution in 2007 and now in 2010 the same problem is still going on. You can make students take classes every day about bullying and there will still be children getting bullied.Principals and administrators need to punish students by making use of more suspensions and affect mandatory conjure meetings for those who are bullying others. If the bullying continues, it must be dealt with strongly. And, both the child and parent should be held responsible for it. Until people start taking actions of this nature, bullying will forever be a problem. I think that the only way to stop bullying is to actually make a natural law against it. In Massachusetts, they have passed a bill for anti-bullying.I think that is wonderful because now that the law is relate I am sure bullying will be distinguish down because the kids would not to have to deal with the harsh consequences. The bill would prohibit bullying at schools and clamp down on so-called cyber bullying by prohibiting the use of e-mails, text messages, internet postings, and other electronic means to create offensive school environment (Gay Lesbians, 2010, p. 16). I also believe that it is good that they are requiring the school principals to report to the bullying to the police, if they believe criminal charges should be pursued.Maybe now if the students know that they could possibly go to jail they would stop bullying. It is great that somebody has passed a bill and takes this issue seriously because this has been going on for too broad and it is time for it to stop. Lately there have been many other cities discussing and making laws about bullying. In impudently Jersey, they have also passed a bill regarding bullying. A law against bullying in schools which advocates call the democracys toughest because it requires schools to develop anti-harassment programs, was approved Monday in New Jersey (Mulvihill, 2010, pg. ). I believe that this is what the schools need in order for bullying to stop. It may take a while for the schools to get all the policies and programs in the universal schools, but it will be worth it. This law will hopefully prevent any more suicides from happening due to children being bullied. Maybe it should have been stricter laws a long time ago and a lot of bullying could have been stopped. The state of New Jersey has already passed the law for anti-bullying shows how it will cut down on a lot of bullying.There was already an anti-bullying law in 2002, but it was not required that schools set up anti-b ullying programs. The new bill is claimed to be one of the toughest anti-bullying bill that there is. They are going all out the way to make sure students will not get bullied. They are even making teachers get training to help to bulling. Like Julie Bolcer (2010) stated, The measure would required training for around public school employees on how to spot bulling and mandate that all districts from school safety teams review complaints, reported The Star Ledger .Superintendent would have to report incidents of buying to the state board of education, which would grade schools and districts on their efforts to combat it (pg. 1). I think that it is to stop bulling because this is a very serious problem. But now that there are such harsh laws against it, I know the rates will go down a lot. Bullying is something that has been around for ages, but no one has ever seemed to find the right solution for it. umteen say there is not a lot that can be done to stop bulling because it star ts off school property I totally isagree with that. While you have others that think that just by telling students about will stop it, which we all know will not. I feel that the only way bulling will ever stop is if they give harsh punishments and let the bullies know that is not a joke. Even though, there have been many attempts to stop bulling, I think that they have finally found a solution which is by making a tough anti-bulling law. If a child wants to bully someone therefore they should deal with the law and suffer the consequences.

The Role Of World Vision Philippines In Nation-Bulding Essay Example for Free

The Role Of mankind imaging Philippines In Nation-Bulding EssayA. Introductionthe great unwashed contain the tendency to organize themselves into groups in order to reference book mutual needs and concerns. As the platitude goes No Man Is An Island. In the olden days, groups of lot band to pass awayher to increase their chances of survival beca character conception calve of a larger group increased their strength, and point warded off potential predators. Also, being in a group resulted to to a greater extent people hunting and gathering, which take to an increase in the amount of food that they could accumulate. Today, people band together, non for survival, barg just now for reasons much interlocking and diverse than before. One of these reasons is to send for certain issues that the members of the compositions deem soci on the wholey relevant and timely.Non- governingal compositions or non establishmental brass sections atomic number 18 tempered up by s ame-minded individuals brought together by a mutual passion, a need to farm or attend to a certain issue, or because of common identities.nongovernmental organizations strike been defined according to pentad structural-operational features which states that nongovernmental organizations ar organized, private, non-profit, self-governing, and voluntary. (Global Civil Society, 2003). nongovernmental organizations atomic number 18 perceived to be organizations ge atomic number 18d towards a specific purpose, and argon historied for their vigor and dedication in pursuing their goals. These organizations be commonly bear on with social issues like keep come to the fore-of-school youths, orphans asylums, women, health, and education, amongst many differents. humanity plenty is a non-governmental organization set up by Dr. Robert Willard lunge in 1950. His inspiration for establishing this organization was an abandoned Chinese child c wholeed White Jade who he back up by givin g $5 a month to her c betaker. The first child sponsorship design was put in place trine old age later to handle the funds that came from donations when he made a motion picture called the 38th Parallel, which intended to raise funds for orphans in the Korean War. Since because, it has spread to the other continents and grow its range to complicate non only children, but likewise emergency accompaniment, poverty, residential district-based projects, education, health, leadership chaining,and income generation seminars. sp here(predicate) peck alike put ined a branch of the organization in the Philippines in 1957. This was done to religious service an orphanage in the island of Guimaras called the Good Shepherds Fold by donating musical instruments and textbooks for the children. Three days later, universe hatful Philippines open up their own orphanage called Mercyville Orphanage in South Cotabato.The Philippines has foc apply on the ideal of nation- manikining ever since it was given independence by its last colonizer, the United States of America. Admittedly, it has been firm to have a good sense of a united Philippines because of the inherent ethnic, religious, and geographic divide between the Filipinos. The Philippine government recognizes that the youth are signifi terminatet to nation-building as reflected in Section 2 of the Republic Act 8044 which states that The State recognizes its responsibility to alter the youth to fulfill their vital role in nation-building.The proponents of this search would like to analyze if the knowledge base mickle Philippines, which is one of the largest trans interior(a) organizations here in the country, guides a signifi digestt role in the Philippines nation-building. The proponents chose this non-governmental organization because of its far-flung paper brought close primarily by their wide scope of beneficiaries and their celebrity endorsements. Also, their programs mainly cater to the youth, which has been naturalized as vital to nation-building, although it is a fact that the knowledge domain hatful Philippines also have programs for families and communities. However, this fact does not dissuade a possible relationship between adult male lot and the Philippines nation-building but rather, strengthens it as families and communities also play a role in nation-building.B. Statement Of The Research ProblemsThis inquiry is trying to find out the role of the non-governmental organization, the World view Philippines, in the aforementioned countrys nation-building.Specifically, this inquiry attempts to answer the pursuance questions1. Does the World mountain Philippines play a signifi sackt role in nation-building of the Philippines?2. How does World spate Philippines kick in to the nation-building of the Philippines?3. How is the World lot Philippines held intelligence agency reportable for all the donations and funds move to them by their bestowers?4 . What are the measures used to survey whether the World slew Philippines projects and programs are prosperous?5. What are the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities that affect the World Vision Philippines?6. What strategies commode be done in order to encompass the said strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of World Vision Philippines that could help into making it a better organization?C. Statement Of the Research ObjectivesThis research aims to find out the role of the World Vision Philippines in the goal of nation-building.Specifically, the proponents aspire to attain the sideline preys1. To determine whether World Vision Philippines plays a fundamental role in nation-building of the Philippines.2. To describe how the specific programs and projects of the World Vision Philippines contribute to the nation-building of the Philippines.3. To find out how the World Vision Philippines is held responsible for all the donations and funds sent to them by their conferrers.4. To establish what measures are used to measure out whether the World Vision Philippines projects and programs are succeederful.5. To deliberate the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities that affect the World Vision Philippines.6. To view the strategies that can be done in order to underwrite the said strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of World Vision Philippines that could help into making it a better organization.D. Significance of the StudyThe existing literature about nation-building in the Philippines does not take into account the role of NGOs. The proponents wish to address this research gap by providing an analysis of the role of one of the largest inter field of instruction non-governmental organizations in the country, the World Vision Philippines. The proponents would like to add to the in institution available and hope to specifically upbeat the followingD.1. World Vision PhilippinesThe World Vision Philippines is the p rimary beneficiary of this study because it is the organization that is being analyzed by the proponents. If the research proves that the organization does play a significant role in nation-building, their existence give be legitimatized. Also, their reputation would advance which could lead to to a greater extent donors and volunteers for their programs, projects, and activities. The information and analysis done in this paper could be hired by the organization in order to improve their serve, supplement their inadequacies, address their main line of works, maintain or even further enhance their successes, and develop strategies to make their organization to a greater extent efficient and better as a integral.D.2. DonorsPotential and actual donors would also benefit from this study because they will be able to use the information about the World Vision Philippines so that they can more accurately assess whether the organization is worth donating to or not. This is significan t because the NGO already has a smoke of donors from both individuals and institutions. Also, donors are the entities to whom World Vision Philippines is roughly accountable to because it is their donations that funds the programs, projects, and activities of the said organization. The information provided here can help the donors identify the areas of insufficiencies of the World Vision Philippines, and because of their critical role in the organization, they can wield pressure and influence to make the organization address these issues.D.3. BeneficiariesThe beneficiaries of the World Vision Philippines could assess from this research whether the work that are given to them are what the organization promised to render. Also, they would be able to pinpoint the areas that the organization is deficient in, from which, in coordination with the NGO, they could both address these concerns to improve the organization and its work. The beneficiaries could also assess whether the treat ment given to them by the NGO is the equal for all the other beneficiaries that are also helped by the organization.D.4. VolunteersThe potential and actual volunteers of World Vision Philippines can benefit from this study because it would allow them to get to know the NGO better. This is important because as volunteers, they would fight the NGO to the beneficiaries and other entities, and such, they must familiarize themselves in the suit upings, constructions, and principles of the organization. Also, they could assess accurately whether the organization they joined in is delivering on its promises, and if not, being insiders, they would be able to help the organization improve its procedure better.D.5. Affiliated NGOS and corporationsNon-governmental organizations that work with World Vision Philippines will benefit from this study because it would allow them to understand how the World Vision Philippines full treatment and its priorities and concerns. This would allow the m to better their working relationship with the concerned institution, and they could develop strategies which would utilize their and the World Visions strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities. One of the most important affiliated organizations of the World Vision Philippines is the Philippine Council for NGO Certification which is an entity that gives a testimony to NGOs that learn established minimum criteria for financial management and accountability. This is an important institution because they help in reviewing and establishing the legitimacy and performance of NGOs in the Philippines.D.6. Related government activity AgenciesGovernment agencies, whose jurisdictions overlap with the concerns of the World Vision Philippines, will benefit from this study, because they could mensurate the work that the NGO does. If World Vision Philippines is proven to be helpful in nation-building, they can build a partnership with the NGO so that their works are supplemented by th e said institution. These government agencies intromit the Securities and Exchange Commission (the agency that deals with NGOs as a whole), Department of Health (World Vision Philippines is also concerned about the health location of its beneficiaries), DEPED (the aforementioned NGO funds the schooling of its recipients), DSWD (World Vision Philippines main murderer of services are the youth, particularly children), and National Risk Reduction Management Council (Because the organization also helps in post-disaster relief missions).D.7. Future ResearchersNation-building and NGOs are very important factors and entities in the society and thus, the proponents of this study believe that researchesdiscussing either of the two topics, and more importantly, the relationship between the two, will fabricize in the incoming. Future researchers can use this study as a source for their own study. It could also aid them in expanding their resource material base because of the other liter atures cited in this study.E. Definition of Terms1. World Vision Philippines A non-profit organization which is a subsidiary of an external non-governmental organization that does projects and programs that are primarily concerned with the Philippine youth, but also includes connection and family beneficiaries. It also tackles the societal issues of education, health, disaster relief, and youth empowerment. It operates through the funds given by donors and through volunteer-work.2. Nation-Building A concept that focuses on the personal ontogeny of individuals and communities of a particular nation with the goal of improving the bar of living of everyone in that country in ground of health, education, livelihood, and other factors that have a huge daze in their lives. This rents values formation and federation development through active engagement in societal issues that affect the society they live in. This gives supernumerary emphasis to the youth as they will be the futu re professionals, policy-makers, and leaders of the country.3. Non-governmental organizations disposals that operate as an entity that is not part of a government of a country. They are established to pursue a common goal or to address a certain issue. They are usually non-profit. They may be local or multinational in scope and in terms of their beneficiaries.4. Donors People who give money to the World Vision Philippines and are the source of funds of the said institution.5. Volunteers People who help in the actual binding out of the services of World Vision Philippines who expect no pay or compensation for the work thatthey do.6. Beneficiaries People who receive the funding and services from the World Vision Philippines. The main objective of the said NGO is to improve their meter of living and increase their chances for self-development.7. Strengths Internal factors that the World Vision Philippines utilizes and are the advantages that they have that contribute signific antly to their good performance in delivering their services.8. Weaknesses Internal factors inherent in the World Vision Philippines that significantly but negatively affects their performance in giving out their services in their programs, projects, and activities. These factors puts the said organization at a disadvantage.9. Opportunities External factors that positively affects the World Vision Philippines which they can utilize for the betterment of their organization as a whole.10. Threats External factors which may hinder the performance of the World Vision Philippines. These needs to be intercommunicate in order to improve the efficiency, timeliness, and overall capacity of the said NGO to deliver their promised services.F. Review of Related LiteratureThis research has included information from various studies and literature on the concepts of non-governmental organizations, nation-building, and World Vision Philippines.Nation-building is an important aspect in the Phili ppine society. Carolyn Stephenson said that, Nation-building matters to intractable conflict because of the system that a strong state is necessary in order to provide security, that the building of integrated national community is important in the building of a state, and that in that location may be social and scotchprerequisites or co-requisites to the building of an integrated national community.This article shows that nation-building is really important because overdue the integration of national community, the country will be more united in its goal of achieving improvement in the role of life for all.Nation-building needs a lot of effort to achieve its purpose. jibe to Native Nations Institute, Nation-building involves building institutions of self-determination that are actually appropriate to the nation and that are effective in addressing the nations challenges. Nation-building involves development the nations capacity to make timely, strategically informed decisio ns about its affairs and to implement those decisions. It involves a comprehensive effort to rebuild societies that work. Though, we could see that nation-building is not an easy process, still, it is very important because it leads to the formation of countries as stated in the article Nation-building by Alberto Alesina and Bryony Reich(2013) Nation-building is a process which leads to the formation of countries in which the citizens feel a sufficient amount of commonality of interests, goals, and preferences so that they do not wish to furcate from each other.Non-governmental organizations are authentically a force in nows society, especially to the people who subscribe to the Constructivist point of view. But even in Liberalism, they are one of the major actors that shape the international society nowadays. As stated by the kingdom Business Council (2003) The power of NGOs is further exemplified not equitable by their increasing number but by their ability to network and mo bilize their members to affect international politics.This was taken furtherby Songco (2006) when he said Such power of NGOs was demonstrated in various U.N. conferences, international summits and multilateral meetings where NGOs have been effective in influencing policy agendas, official statements and joint resolutions.The first statement implies that NGOs today are not limited by their scope (environmental, humanitarian, etc.) because they have the power to influence the political plain in their respective areas. This is relevant to this study because nation-building entails government measures inimproving the standards of living of the people and if these measures can be affected by NGOs particularly World Vision then these can be used as a channel or can play a role in nation-building of the Philippines.NGOs play a very significant role in society as reflected by a research paper by Jordan L. which said NGOs are a potent political force and there are some serious issues conf ronting civil society that need to be addressedAt the national level, many social services that traditionally were in the purview of government are today delivered by the private sector or through NGOs. This explains NGOs despite being an entity that is not under the government still has political power that it can utilize to realize its advocacies. These organizations play a role in bringing of service to the public but as indicated in the paper, these NGOs also have issues to consider and one of them is their accountability to the public.Because of their significant role in society, people are becoming more and more aware of NGOs and are encouraged to take part in their activities either through donations or volunteerism. However, as their donors and volunteers increase, the accountability of the NGOs to these people, their beneficiaries, and the population as a whole also increases. To wit The increasing funding of NGOs by official donor agencies thrusts the question of legitimac y into center field stage, for if NGOs are becoming more responsive to external concerns, are substituting for government and are exploitation larger on the basis of foreign funding, what is happening to the links - to their values and mission, and to their relationships with the poor, supporters and others - through which they derive their unspoilt to intervene in development. This was taken from Too Close For Comfort? The Impact of Official Aid on Nongovernmental Organizations by Edwards and Hulme (1998 8-9). This reveals that there is an argument regarding the legitimacy of NGOs and a question on how non-governmental are these NGOs especially if they are receiving funding from government institutions as well. The article also says that NGOs need to incorporate mechanisms that can help improve their performance and provide ample measures of evaluation in order for them to remain credible and accountable.The World Vision Philippines is a prime example of a non-governmental organ ization. According to the article Vision in Action in the Manila BulletingThe World Vision, one of the worlds biggest international NGOs, has established its presence in the Philippines 56 years ago, it has helped uplift and empower poor communities through education, public engagement, values formation, and disaster and emergency response. (Barawid R.C., Fojas, S.C., Lim, R.S). Since then, the World Vision Philippines, the Philippine branch of the World Vision International, has been an active player in the Philippine arena. From the same article, an example was given in that the NGO was one of the first to respond to the recent onslaught of Typhoon Haiyan in Leyte. They provided relief goods and psychological debriefings in the evacuation centers. This shows that the NGO already has a good reputation in terms of fast response to calamities and that they are very active in their humanitarian undertakings.Because of their very fast, efficient, and lauded response to the Yolanda di saster, the NGO was able to gain more fundings from donors. One of these was the Ascot Limited who gived 1.87 million pesos to World Vision for its relief and rehabilitation efforts.(TravPR.com) This article shows that private corporations have a lot of trust in the organization and believes that it truly renders good service to its beneficiaries. This also shows that the NGO was able to establish a good reputation in terms of emergency and disaster relief efforts which will be able to encourage more donors and volunteers to browse their institution.World Vision Philippines is not only concerned with disaster response. It is also concerned with other societal issues like education, sanitation, and all the other aspects that define the standard of living of a child and his family. This multi-scope aspect of the NGO was affirmed by an article in GMA Network which said World Vision is concerned about ensuring safe living spaces for children and their families as heavy rains and afte rshocks are still prevalent in quake-hit areas World Vision calls for more intensified action to uphold childrens education rights in the quake-hit areas. Back-to-school woes include damaged classrooms as teachers and children hold classes in tents. fryren in emergencies also need to be protected from therisks of hazardous work in quake-hit areas, along other forms of child abuse and exploitation.G. Scope and Limitation of the StudyThe study shall focus on how the projects, programs, and activities of the World Vision helps in the nation-building of the Philippines. It shall not include those of the World Vision International. It shall deal only with the modish statistical entropy from the latest reports given by the NGO. It will also include interviews conducted with people who can better assess the World Vision Philippines performance as a humanitarian institution.CHAPTER 2conceptual FRAMEWORKA. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKThis study wants to find out the role of the non-governmental organization, the World Vision Philippines, in the Philippines nation-building. The proponents use the existing information available about the said organization and analyze them to determine whether they have a relationship to the nation-building of the Philippines. These independent variables include, the projects, programs, and activities of World Vision Philippines, the organizations financial reports, the outside perceptual experience on the NGO, and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the said institution. The dependent variable or the outcome is the role of the World Vision Philippines in the countrys nation-building.B. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDYThis study assumed the following hypotheses1. The World Vision Philippines plays a significant role in nation-building of the Philippines.2. Specific programs and projects of the World Vision Philippines contribute to the nation-building of the Philippines.3. World Vision Philippines is accountable for all th e donations and funds sent to them by their donors.4. Measures can be used to assess whether the World Vision Philippines projects and programs are successful.5. There are strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities thataffect the World Vision Philippines.6. Strategies that can be done in order to address the said strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of World Vision Philippines that could help into making it a better organization.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH methodologyA. Research DesignThis paper is classified as a qualitative research because it describes phenomena that are hard to quantify. It could also be described as a descriptive Research because it shows the associations or relationship of the impelled independent variables with the dependent variable. It analyzes existing literature, articles, and reports to determine the role of World Vision Philippines to nation-building. It also makes use of interviews to get the outside perception about the NGO.B. Sources of DataThe data shall come from existing literature which may include studies, articles, and feedback about the World Vision Philippines, NGOs, and nation-building. It will make use of the reports disseminated by the World Vision Philippines in its website . It shall also make use of interviews with experts who have a unique survey about NGOs due to their educational attainment and or experience. These literature and statistics shall come from hardbound or online books, articles, and journals taken from the LPU, UP-Diliman, and national libraries, and from website sources in theinternet.C. system of Data CollectionThe study employed the Documents or Secondary Data or Data digging method of data collection wherein the information were based from existing literature. Among the Secondary Data method of data collection, the study used Content Analysis in which literature that is related to the concepts of the paper are found and its content was noted and categorized into appropriate cate gories and themes. Also, data was gathered through individual in-depth interviews by the interviewers. The interviewers took batch important notes in the conduct of the interviews. In order to secure the consent of the selected participants, the researchers relayed all important expand of the study, including its aim and purpose. By explaining these important details, the respondents were able to understand the importance of their role in the completion of the research. Respondents were offered no monetary compensation. Preliminary conversations before and after the interview session were also noted as these helped in clarifying and validating any vague responses that emerged in the results. Sample Interview Questions1. How would you describe the status of our NGOs today in terms of authenticity, accountability and transparency? 2. Do you believe that NGOs contribute to the nation-building of our country today? If yes, in what way? 3. How does good governance help in the workings of a non-government organization? 4. What measures do you consider are important in analyzing whether an NGO is able to achieve its goals? 5. Is World Vision relevant for the Philippines? Does it have a huge impact amongst the Filipinos?D. Method of Data AnalysisAfter the data has been collected, the proponents used the Descriptive method of data analysis wherein the main characteristics and features of the data gathered are described. After which the Exploratory method of data analysis was then employed in order to study the relationships between our variables.CHAPTER 4RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSThis study identified five research problems in Chapter 1 specifically 1. Does the World Vision Philippines play a significant role in nation-building of the Philippines?2. How does World Vision Philippines contribute to the nation-building of the Philippines?3. How is the World Vision Philippines held accountable for all the donations and funds sent to them by their donors?4. What are the meas ures used to assess whether the World Vision Philippines projects and programs are successful?5. What are the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities that affect the World Vision Philippines?6. What strategies can be done in order to address the said strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of World Vision Philippines that could help into making it a better organization?The first problem was answered by identifying the factors involved in nation-building and the scope of the projects of world vision. Nation-building is a concept that focuses on the personal development of individuals and communities of a particular nation with the goal of improving the standard of living of everyone in that country in terms of health, education, livelihood, and other factors that have a huge impact in their lives. This involves values formation and community development through active engagement in societal issues that affect the society they live in. This gives special emphasis t o the youth as they will be the future professionals, policy-makers, and leaders of the country. The on-going projects of World Vision Philippines involve areas such as health and nutrition, education, child participation, livelihood, disaster response andvalues formation. In the 2012 Annual traverse of World Vision Philippines, the organization serves over 20,000 families in 33 area development programs (ADP) regarding livelihood programs, 110,000 children in 49 ADPs in terms of education-related projects and 51,969 affected families from December 2011-2012 for the natural disaster response programs. World Vision works in 33 provinces and 14 cities in the country.The second research problem was addressed by indicating the various projects being implemented by the World Vision Philippines. Table 1 shows the various priorities of World Vision and their corresponding programs on 2011 and 2012 World Vision Philippines Annual overcompensate.PRIORITIESPROGRAMHEALTH AND provisionsSocia l Mobilization on TBNutrition Jump StartChannels of Hopechela Health NowEDUCATIONTulong Aral ng PetronBridge to EmploymentABK3Elementary ComletionLIVELIHOODCommunity- Managed Savings and book of facts Association (CoMSCA)Food Education with Agricultural Development and Sustainability (FORWARD)Community Economic Ventures, Inc. (CEVI)DISASTER RESPONSEChild golden Spaces (CFS)Humanitarian and Emergency Affairs Response Team (HEART) trainingsChild-Focused Disaster Risk Reduction (CFDRR)value FORMATIONLocal Capacities for Peace (LCP)Table 1 World Vision Priorities and Corresponding ProgramsThe third research problem was about the financial accountability of World Vision Philippines regarding the funds being donated to the organization. World Vision released annual reports containing the finances of the organization however there are instances when the information in these reports are too vague. See plan 1 and 2 which were taken directly from the 2011 and 2012 World Vision Annual Repor t. prognosticate 1 showed the breakdown of the finances in the organization in million pesos while Figure 2 merely stated the percentage of each of the expenses.Figure 1 World Vision Financial Report for 2011Figure 2 World Vision Financial Report 2012The Philippine Council for NGO Certification gave a 5 year certification to World Vision Philippines last December 29,2010 and will expire in August 25, 2015. This meant that the World Vision Philippines passed the criteria for financial management and accountability in the service to underprivileged Filipinos. According to PCNC PCNC has formulated three rating sheets one is for organizations operating for two or more years some other is for newly established organizations and the third is for networks. The evaluation covers six areas, namely Vision, Mission, and Goals Governance Administration Program trading operations Financial Management and Networking. Financial Management gives the best source of assurance for donors that the recipient organization is accountable and transparent and that donations areutilized according to the organizations declared goals and objectives. Extra parameters may be added or deleted when necessary, depending on the organization being evaluated.An NGO may get a 1, 3, or 5 year-certification, depending on its years of existence and ratings from the evaluation. To practice transparency, World Vision Philippiness main program stag-A-Child involves giving annual reports regarding the status of the child that the donors are sponsoring. The sponsorship package includes nutritious food, clean water, access to healthcare and education not only for the child but also his community. The organization also has an event called Lakbay Pag-asa in partnership with Cebu Pacific that allows the donor and the children they are sponsoring to meet. This gives chance to the donors to evaluate the progress of not only the child they are sponsoring but also the families and communities that they wil l visit.The fourth research problem was answered by the statement of Jennica Enciso, UNFPA Philippines Youth Advisory Panel at UNFPA and Political Science Professor of Jose Rizal University, on measuring the authenticity and effectiveness of NGOs. She stated thatto measure the authenticity of the NGO first it should be registered but there is a question on the credibility of the clay giving the certification especially with the recent happenings regarding the bogus NGOs supposedly created by Janet Lim Napoles. Measuring the effectiveness of an NGO can be done through monitoring and evaluation on how this NGO is active in many activities. The beneficiaries themselves will give a good feedback if they gained any help and if the projects of the NGOs were a success.The fifth research problem was answered by conducting a SWOT analysis on World Vision Philippines. The researchers identified the following as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of World Vision PhilippinesS trengths1. The organization is devoted to Christian beliefs therefore it adheres to values that are important to the society2. World Visions approach is holistic.3. They have a target of 15 years to study to complete their Sponsor A ChildProgram which shows that they are timebound, and therefore, this project is measurable and can be analyzed.4. troubled response to natural disasters.5. Showing people the hard parts of the world.6. Great reputation and donor base7. Leaders are people from corporate sector8. Celebrity endorsements from well-known celebrities like Anne Curtis, Kramer Family, Ogie Alcasid and so on9. Helps anyone regardless of religious affiliation10. World Vision promotes public involvement and government policies related to education and children.Weaknesses1. Public perception wanting to know how much goes to the kids.2. How the effectiveness of programs is measured.3. Getting the backchat out that it is not a bad company that only thinks about themselves.4. People do not donate because they cannot pass on the minimum amount specified in certain programs such as Sponsor-a-Child.5. modify leadership leads to delayed decision making6. Uncertainty of the continuation of funds coming from donors7. Reactive, rather than proactive culture8. Personnel not ready to deal with the huge influx of orphans and sick patients.9. Website is not updated particularly the contact page.10. Vague report on financial accountability.Opportunities1. World Vision is getting donation from churches.2. Government and private organization also give donations to the World Vision.3. Organization is able to expand programs because there is a great need from its targeted beneficiaries.4. Can build on community models and leverage community relationships5. Collaborate with other organizations to expand their reach6. World Vision can utilize their celebrity endorsers to further promote the advocacies of the organization7. Recent natural calamities that occurred in the countr y can serve as a means to carry outdisaster response programs8. Their twitter already has 31.4 thousand followers.9. Celebrities who are non-World Vision endorsers publicly donate to World Vision Philippines (Valentines Concert of Regine Velasquez and Martin Nievera)10. Sentimentality of people from affected areas increased volunteerism.Threats1. Embezzlement2. Computer ill3. Negative Legislature and Lawsuits4. Strikes5. Tax Problems6. Terrorism7. Workplace Violence8. Competition from other Charities that implement changes more quickly9. Possibility of Economic Crisis10. Bad Reviews on NGOsThe last research problem was addressed in Figures 3 to 10 that shows the strategies identified by the researches as possible means to improve the organization.Figure 3 S1-01 schemaFigure 4 S2-03 StrategyFigure 5S1-T1 StrategyFigure 6 S8-T10 StrategyFigure 7 W6-02 StrategyFigure 8 W3-010 StrategyFigure 9 W8-T8 StrategyFigure 10 W6-T9 StrategyCHAPTER 5SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSSUMMA RYThis study wants to find out the role that the World Vision Philippines play in the countrys nation-building. After analysis of the existing literature, It was found out that the organization does play significant role in nation-building primarily because its projects, programs, and priorities coincides with activities that are essential to nation-building like improvements in the standard of living of the people in terms of health and nutrition, education, child participation, livelihood, disaster response and values formation. The World Vision Philippines has 14 active programs, four of which are related to health and nutrition, another four for education, three for livelihood, two for disaster response, and one for values formation. The World Vision Philippines holds itself accountable to its donors and the public by let go an annual financial report that shows the breakdown of their revenues, expenses, and project costs.A private organization, the Philippine Council for NGO C ertification, gave a five year certification to World Vision Philippines which meant that it passed the minimum requirement for an NGO in terms of financial management and accountability in rendering its services. Another way it practices transparency is in the program Sponsor-A-Child, the NGO gives annual reports to the donors regarding the status, grades, and other relevant information of their specific beneficiary. Ms. Jennica Encisco said that the authenticity and effectiveness of NGOS are measured by analyzing whether they are registered as such, monitoring and evaluating the activities of the NGO, and through the feedback of actual beneficiaries. The proponents listed down 10 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) to theorganization and recommended strategies that utilized this SWOT to help improve the performance and efficiency of the organization.CONCLUSIONSThe study has derived the following conclusions based on the information gathered by the researchers. World Vision Philippines plays a significant role in nation-building of the Philippines since the scope of its projects involve factors that are needed in nation-building such as health, education, livelihood, individual and community development and so on. World Vision contributes to the nation-building through its projects such as Social Mobilization on TB, ABK3. Child Friendly Spaces, Local Capacities for Peace, Bridge to Employment and many more. World Vision Philippines is held accountable for all the donations and funds sent to them by their donors by publishing annual reports available to the public, providing reports to their donors regarding the status of their sponsored child or community, and having a certification from the PCNC. However there is still a question on the authenticity of some of the financial reports due to the vagueness of the information given. The measures used to assess the success of World Vision Philippines projects are monitoring, evaluation and fee dback regarding the programs.The strengths of World Vision Philippines are the organization is devoted to Christian beliefs therefore it adheres to values that are important to the society, World Visions approach is holistic, they have a target of 15 years to study to complete their Sponsor A Child Program which shows that they are time-bound, and therefore, this project is measurable and can be analyzed Fast response to natural disasters, Showing people the hard parts of the world Great reputation and donor base and lastly, World Vision promotes public involvement and government policies related to education and children. The weaknesses of the organization are public perception wanting to know how much goes to the kids, how the effectiveness of programs is measured, getting the word out that it is not a bad company that only thinks about themselves and lastly, people do not donate because they cannot afford the minimum amount specified in certain programs such as Sponsor-a-Child.Th e opportunities of World Vision are it is getting donation from churches, Government and private organization also give donations to the World Vision Organization is able to expand programs because there is a great need from its targeted beneficiaries, Can build on community models and leverage community relationships, and lastly, they collaborate with other organizations to expand their reach. The threats on World Vision Philippines are misapplication , computer failure, negative legislature and lawsuits, strikes, tax problems, terrorism, workplace violence, competition from other charities that implement changes more quickly, scuttle of frugal crisis and lastly, bad reviews on NGOs.The different strategies that World Vision Philippines can adopt to improve and whelm the challenges it faces are Because of their strong affiliations with the Christian Churches, and because the latter has lots of adherents who give out donations to their institution, churches who are donors of Wor ld Vision Philippines could be a major source of funds for the said organization Since the World Vision Philippines is not limited to a single social issue and there is a great need from the targeted beneficiaries of their programs, there is a huge demand for the services of the organization which strengthens its reason for existence If the organization strengthens its members and volunteers Christian values, then the likelihood of cases of embezzlement shall be significantly reduced The NGO can utilize their celebrity endorsements to delay negative reviews and this will be effective because celebrities have huge followings and thus, wield significant influenceSince government and private organizations also donate to the World Vision Philippines, the funds coming from them will be more stable than those coming from individuals The problem of World Vision Philippines in proving that they really care about the services they render rather than for personal gain can be addressed by uti lizing people who want to be volunteers because their areas were ravaged by natural disasters The World vision Philippines should recruit more volunteers and personnel and train them in order to sufficiently address the influx of orphans and sick patients and thus be more competitory against other NGOs and charitable institutions and lastly, World Vision Philippines must expand their donor base to include institutions and individuals thatare financially secure so as to counter the uncertainty of the source of funds and the threat of an economic crisis depleting the funds of their usual donor base.RECOMMENDATIONSThe proponents recommend to the future researchers the followingFuture researchers mustutilize primary sources such as interviews from experts such that there will have a more in-depth and possibly more accurate perspective about the status and assessment on NGOs in the Philippines and specifically, World Vision.Future researches should identify the organizational structure of World Vision in order to determine whether or not it has an impact on the success of the implementation of the programs.Future researches should discuss the authenticity of the certification issued by PCNC especially with the recent happenings regarding bogus NGOs.BIBLIOGRAPHYCommonwealth Business Council, Strengthening Good Governance in Business, Government, Civil Society Shared Challenges of Leadership and duty. November 2003.Songco, Danilo A. 2006. The Evolution of NGO Accountability Practices and their Implications on Philippine NGOs A literature review and options paper for the Philippine Council for NGO CertificationTravPR.com. Febrauary 2014. Ascott and Capitaland Hope Foundation Donate PHP1.87 Million to World Visions Typhoon Yolanda comfort and Rehabilitation Operations. Retrived from http//www.travpr.com/pr-28129-ascott-and-capitaland-hope.htmlRachel C. Barawid, Sara C. Fojas Ronald S. Lim. February 2014.Vision in Action. Manila Bulletin. World Vision Philippines. J anuary 2014. World Vision launches shelter project for quake-hit Bohol. Retrieved from http//www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/343817/cbb/world-vision-launches-shelter-project-for-quake-hit-boholJordan, L.,2005. Mechanisms for NGO Accountability, GPPi Research Paper Series No. 3, Global Public insurance policy Institute, Berlin, Germany. Edwards, M. Hulme, D. 1996. Too Close For Comfort? The Impact of Official Aid on Nongovernmental Organizations, in World Development, spate 24. U. K. Native Nations Institute. 2013. What is Native Nation Building. Stephenson, C. 2005. Nation-building.World Vision. http//issuu.com/myworldvision/docs/2012_annual_report Alesina, A. Reich B. 2013. Nation-building.

On the Meaning of Life - John Cottingham Essay Example for Free

On the Meaning of Life John Cottingham studyWhat is our relationship with the universe who are we and how did we come to be seems to be the ultimate headland of the meaning of life. This question has always sparked powerful debates between the views of the religious and moderne science. Many believe this topic is a biased issue where these views can non co-exist with one a nonher, either ones a theist, believing in God as the soul antecedent and ruler of the universe or an atheist, disbelieving of a supreme being or beings. save in actuality, modern science does not count against the reputation of a divine agent behind the universe. So as modern science offers an account of how things happened, religious beliefs account for a trus iirthy aspect of why, aiming towards finding significance and value. In On The Meaning of Life, John Cottingham argues in order to keep back meaning, you moldiness not eliminate one supposition from the other modern science and religion mus t co-exist to formulateher. First, whats the meaning of modern science, and why does it contri alle to the meaning of life?Philosopher Rene Descartes believed in mechanism, a theory holding that organisms are machines in the sense that they are material systems, therefore rationalizes bio system of logical processes, within the manakin of science. In order to disc everyplace a fundamental set of principles that is based ultimately on the habitual laws of mathematical physics that governed the behavior of all inherent phenomena, celestial and terrestrial alike, (6) Descartes banish teleology (any system attempting to justify a series of events in impairment of ends, goals, or purposes) from science.He believed in order to conceive this unify theory there was no room for purposiveness, and since this universal law was made of mathematical physics, there was no attainable answer to the question why (6). But Cottingham thinks if we were to achieve and complete a super-theory lin king gravity and quantum physics together to answer the ultimate question, we still would fall short of explaining why there should be a universe at all. Cottinghams belief is acceptable because if this super-theory was completed, that included all observable phenomena in the universe, this theory still would not answer the question to why is it so. This is where science has reached its limits. Religion takes off of where science can no endless be held accountable to the meaning of life. Why should there be a universe there to explain? Unlike the language of science, religious language grapples with the task of addressing what cannot be fully captured by even the approximately complete scientific account of the phenomenal world (8). Instead of finding significance in terms of sensible quantities and mechanical interactions, religious language reflects on the universes power, beauty, rhythm, and harmony.Therefore, religious discourse pushes the limits of the observable, towards u ncovering something beyond the phenomenal world, in hopes of giving meaning to the universe and to our gentle lives. Cottingham believes religion adds a framework within which that nature is revealed as more than just a set of characteristics encourages us with the hope that the pursuit of virtue contributes to the makeup of moral order that the cosmos was created to realize (72). In other words, the religious perspective offers a calamity for human purposeness by providing a powerful focus on moral goodness.Religious discourse is of the essence(p) because since science accounts for how the universe and humans were made. We feel that we are thrown into this world where nothing ultimately matters, but religion offers hope, value and significance towards life. After examining the different aspects modern science and religion brings to the ultimate question, Cottingham urges to mingle the language of science and religion together in order to have meaning. Cottingham states in stri ct logic there is nothing to prevent such a purely mechanical system (of efficient causality) coexisting with a purposive system (of final causality) (48).Therefore we must not eliminate the happening of the two systems (modern science and religion) existing together. Philosopher Leibnizs envisioned a world of spiritual purposes functioning in harmony with the world of physical mechanisms. This is also known as fraud mechanical systems, whose issueputs, at the same time, ca-ca the purpose planning and doings of conscious agents (48). Believing mechanisms and purposes could together provide an instance in erect of the ultimate question of the universe. In addition, Spinoza had a parallel vision to Leibniz. He believed the universe of physical mechanisms (under the attribute of extension) exactly corresponds to spiritual ideas linking meaning and purpose to a willed creator (under the attribute of thought).Thus, we are transaction with one and the same thing but expressed in two ways. This showed Cottingham that since there has been no evidence to raise modern science of being the explanation of a divine nature, it does not logically eliminate the possibility of a divine creator of its meaning. So where science accounts for our human nature and origin, saying we have no ultimate significance, spirituality offers human life a sense of value.Darwins theory of natural infusion opposes the possibility of linking modern science and religion together in one system. In order to get a sense of what threatens the framework of religion, this is the standard account of our human nature and origin About xiv billion years ago, the cosmosincluding matter, radiation, space and time somehow began, exploding from a tiny concentration of matter-space nilgravitational effects caused matter to clump into hydrogen massesfusing into helium. Explosions caused new heavier elements, which formed into plants.On at least one planet, a self-replicating molecule aroseevolved into living organisms, which diversified into all kinds of plants, animals, microbes etc. , all solely as a result of natural selection. After millions of years one such species became intelligent. Man is a product of these blind forces. The main conclusion from this theory is that the universe and everything in it is a result of natural selection, including humans therefore Nottingham presumes there is no ultimate significance to the universe or to human life, (42) throwing out the idea of any religious significance.Darwin believed that human origin came from a purely accidental chain of blind natural forces. His view gave no choice or purposiveness in the divine nature, because everything was an entirely impersonal process. But Cottingham argues although this discovery has been scientifically accounted for, it is based on interwoven interpretation, an interpretation that goes far beyond the truths and hypotheses that pertain stringently to the natural science (43).And that viewing rel igious thought as something able to be replaced by modern science is strictly a metathesis -a claim that operates at one remove from the claims of science itself (43). As a result, Darwins theory cannot be taken very seriously because the standard account of human nature and origin is dependent on interwoven interpretation that has exceeded far from the fundamental principles of science. In essence, in order to account for the meaning of life, one must not choose modern science over religion or religion over modern science.Having one theory over the other does not manifest to the ultimate question of the meaning of life. Instead, we must link the two frameworks, divine nature and creator into a unified system. In Cottinghams words, we must leave the door open for the theist as thence it does for the atheist. For where modern science can be longer contribute its findings to the meaning of life, religious language ascends from it bringing significance and value to human life. Becki e Chung Dreaming of the Earth 4 November, 2007 Cottingham, John. On The Meaning of Life. New limp Lane Routledge, 2003.