Spaniard Quietist Miguel De Molinos Essay Example For Students

Spaniard Quietist Miguel De Molinos Essay Spaniard Quietist Miguel de MolinosThe Spaniard Quietist Miguel de MolinosI. Factors. The Church, since its origins has suffered from the attack of hereticsand their heresies which have caused many controversies and schisms within it. However, manyof the conflicts are the result of other than heresies. There arecases where conflicts arose because of ambition of power, lack of moral, andintrigues, other because of lack of wisdom and a poor theological understanding. We will write a custom essay on Spaniard Quietist Miguel De Molinos specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the instances in which a mixture of the elements mentioned abovewere present was the case of the Spaniard quietist Miguel de Molinos during theXVII century.Molinos was accused by the Church with charges of heresy as wellas of immoral misconduct.His main work La Gua Espiritual (The spiritualGuide) was placed in the Indexof the Church, and Molinos himself wascondemned to life imprisonment,to be perpetually clothed in the penitentialgarb, to recite the Credo and one third of the Rosary, and to make confessionfour times every year. Molinos recanted publicly. His admirers said that he was behavingconsistently with what he believed and taught. His accusers said that hisrecanting was a proof of his guilt. What were real motives why Molinos admittedhis guilt? Molinos oncesaid: The true quietists are always quiet, serene and eve-minded in Graces andin extraordinary favors as also in the most rigorous and bitter torments. Nonews causes them to rejoice, no event saddens them. Was Miguel de Molinostrying to beconsistent way with his mystical teachings of total passivity?, orwas he really guilty as charged? Was Molinos a victim of the jealousy of theJesuits? Was his fall caused by the machinations of a corrupt clergy who sawthat they would loose their living if his plain and simple method of devotionwere generally adopted?Did he ever had any other options than recantadmitting his culpability? Was martyrdom his only other option?II. ProtagonistsMolinos wasa man ofnoble character and a brilliant and widelycultured mind.His reputation of director of consciences and spiritual guidegranted him the admiration and esteem of all kinds of people among whom wasCardinal Benedict Odescalchi who later b ecame pope Innocent XI.At his arrestthose who new him close were very distressed. His servants kissing his feet andcalling his a saint where convinced that all was a mistake.When all thistook place in 1685 Molinos was fifty-seven years old, (he was born in 1628 ). Although when arrested he lost control , during the trial he show noapprehension, he was a quietist by conviction . The pope Innocent XI( former Cardinal Benedict Odescalchi and personalfriend of Molinos ) was born in Como (Italy) and pursued his studies in Geneva,Rome, and Naples.He was elected pope by the Cardinal College in 1676.He isportrayed by catholic historians aspope that was committed to keep anhonorable life, which was hard to do in his age and office -. He made reformsin the Church specially in relation with the abuses of nepotism. In order to beconsistent with his convictions he kept his own nephew away from the Roman Curia. Because of his campaign against king Louis XVIInnocent was called theProtestant pope by the Gallican party.He was considered a man of iron handwhen needed.He made some prescriptions concerning the behavior of the clergy,forbade the entering of women into the Vatican Palace (except the royalty), . and condemned the Quietism of Molinos.Concerning his former friendship withMolinos he claimed Veramente siamo engannati. III. The ConflictThe teachings of Molinos were not knew for the Church.In Spain themystic Juan Falcon (1596-1638), had a large number of followers during hislifetime.Another group, the Alumbrados influenced many people in Cadiz andSeville in the late 1500s. They taught that vocal prayer, and thinking in thehumanity of Jesus or in his passion must be avoided. In 1623 the Inquisitioncondemned them as heretics.It is clear that both, Falcon and the Alumbrados,influenced Molinos thought. .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 , .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .postImageUrl , .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 , .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1:hover , .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1:visited , .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1:active { border:0!important; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1:active , .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1 .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1914a551f1ee57a8098007887eec47d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mean Spirit Essay Molinos doctrines about mysticism were world wide appreciated andpracticed. It is said that in Naples he had more that 20.000 followers.Hispopularity among the royalty was notable. Queen Christina of Sweden, andprincess Borghese were among his devoted followers.The main work of Molinos LaGua Espiritual was subject of investigation by the Holy Office. However theconflict arose when the Jesuitsbegun to question his practices and theteachings found in his writings which at one time were highly praise by theclergy .Molinos has taught that if souls in a high state of

Literature Studies Following Tradition by Simon Bronner

Literature Studies Following Tradition by Simon Bronner Simon Bronner in his book, Following Tradition: Folklore in the discourse of American Culture, views how Americans have adopted their traditions and, in times of need, altered them to suit the present situations in the new world.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Literature Studies: Following Tradition by Simon Bronner specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Composed of a myriad of communities, America has crumbled with different cultural traditional values, as well as multiculturalism, which makes the nation known as multicultural among other key nations, which have almost the same cultural background. Folklore of the US is the cultural heritage of the nation; therefore, American society tries to preserve their practices in terms of a plurality of ideas. With the rise of individualism or behaviorism, Bronner notes that the quest for material progress has made the society to adopt an individual approach of reasoning to e mbracing communal systems. This has led to declining of culture and its social aspects if viewing the nation from an individual perspective. With increased mobility across borders coupled with self-consciousness, individuals tend to become less attached to communities than to personal engagements. In a society that is future-oriented, like America, folklorists find it difficult to go for the preservation of the nation’s traditions. The progressive American society comprising of Africans, Hispanics, and American Europeans has been seeking a new path to follow. Again, the clear cultural distinction in terms of identity makes it difficult for the US to forge a distinct tradition and modernity. Modernism and postmodernism have pragmatically de-emphasized folklore. Therefore, it has been difficult to ‘hand down’ lore from one generation to another. When issues of value judgment arise, the problems of tradition emanate, this idea tends to change the power of traditions that had reigned all along the existence of a nation. Modernists view the main function of a tradition as regulating every aspect of life; therefore, people should not follow it unconsciously, as this might conform to a defined domestic life. Moreover, the process of inheritance of traditions has remained controversial in the aspect of conformity and mark of honor. From this point of view, conforming to tradition irrationally brings out the authoritarian nature of enforcement.Advertising Looking for assessment on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The opening chapters of Bronner’s book take a variety of case studies on how England and Germany influence American culture. One can easily grasp and participate in the practices of a society, but not abstract the idea of a society at the same pace. Culture and tradition have different meanings, and it becomes difficult to use the term tradition in learning various cultures of the present society. Historically, the concept of a universal tradition, according to Edward Taylor, replicates cultural ideas. Since cultural beliefs were passed through oral and face-to-face communication, societies conformed to exact norms and practices, as opposed to the entry of western civilization. Culture is generally the way of life of any social group. This sociological perspective touches on the ways social groups think, ways they act, and parameters that shape their ways of life. According to Edward B. Taylor, culture entails morals, customs, beliefs, knowledge, symbols, and other habits that one can acquire as a member of a given society. Cultural relativism, as a concept, believes that the cultural practices of a person are relative to his/her social affiliation. Anthropologists believe that no cultural practice is superior to the other. For that matter, no moral belief is considered as wrong or right and does not supersede any other belie f of a different social group. On the other hand, ethnocentrism is a sociological concept where a person views the entire world concerning his/her social group. Here, one believes that his/her ethnic group is more important than other cultural groups in the world, and the measurement of one’s culture is done relative to his/her ethnic group. Finally, qualitative research methodology is a field research method that aims at bringing out the understanding of concepts of social life. The whole concept tries to answer questions of ‘why,’ ‘how’ and ‘what’ of any aspect. The research method that Professor Linton used to collect the cultural practices of the Finnish is qualitative, given that it tried to answer questions on why and the communities behaved in the way they did. It disclosed the belief systems, experiences, and perspectives from the historical point of view. The whole concept helped anthropologists to understand how and why people behave differently. For instance, the research exposed why the Britons paid extreme attention to ritual activities, albeit the fruits of their economic engagements. In essence, communities hold their cultures irrespective of the consequences that they may have.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Literature Studies: Following Tradition by Simon Bronner specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The optimism that the author presents when he brings forth his views on the future role of folklore in the American society is also addressed vividly in the early reviews from Taylor and Francis Group. With numerous materials from archives of different regions, world scholars are trying to prove the apparent differences in folklore. Tradition, culture, and folklore have remained popular topics of discourses, as many scholars write on their relations and differences in different regions of the world.

Why Peace Processes Fail to End Violence Research Paper

Why Peace Processes Fail to End Violence - Research Paper Example The failure of talks among governments, societies, rebels, communities and other parties faced with conflict to come to consensus is discussed in the paper. Various examples of such instances have been given, and the challenges they face in the negotiation process outlined. Attempts and failure of dialogue in solving a conflict eliciting new beginning of the conflict have also been illustrated in this document. Factors hindering peace methods in curbing the conflicts have also been widely discussed. In various cases, both international and domestic, mediation has always failed; this is discussed with various relevant examples in the world.  Most warring parties embark on physical confrontation as a means of solving the problem. Political and fiscal reforms will be noted to assist in decision-making during the negotiation process. This often results in the elimination of peace as a solution to the problem that resulted in war. This idea has been viewed from different angles in this document such that it is realized that peace often fails in the process of ending violence.  The definition of peace may be varied, but, in this context, it can be summarized or explicated as the absence of hostilities or war. It can be attained by various applications depending on the context. Establishment of peace through peace method has proved inefficient in most cases thus termed to have failed in ending violence. This method is mostly applied through negotiations and settling of disputes through peacebuilding and peacekeeping. Political factors, in most cases, are the culprit of war thus making peace a difficult avenue to take in bringing things under control. The willingness of the warring parties to have a round table talk is a problem.

How to develop a teaching plan for diabetes management for nurses Essay

How to develop a teaching plan for diabetes management for nurses - Essay Example Their teaching plan need proper customizations to this population and find ways that will help evaluate and monitor the program. Create a needs assessment survey Needs assessment survey briefly is a way of asking a group of a selected population what they see as the most important needs of that group. The analysis of the survey results are then used in guiding the future actions of the nurses. Generally, the needs most rated are therefore, addressed first depending on the available resources thus taking different forms. The resources will determine which type of survey to be carried out, such as informal methods for example, asking around in the community, friends, or postal carriers (Franz, 2001). Information is also retrieved from local hospitals where several people get their diagnosis, additionally it can also take the form of a professional-written survey, and then it is emailed to several people. Moreover, a need assessment survey have some common characteristics, for example, they have pre-set list of questions to be answered by the willing people, they also have a pre-determined sample of the number of participants to answer these questions. Finally, the results of the survey are then tabulated, summarized, dispersed, discussed, and then used (Funnell, Brown, Childs, Haas, Hosey, Jensen, & Weiss, 2009). In this case, the need assessment survey will be done on a small town population where the purpose will be to develop a program for the diabetic population in the effort to educate them on self-management. Therefore, the objective of the survey is getting to know the needs of diabetic patients also how the nurses can help them cope with their changing lifestyle. The first thought of this project is what the nurses can do to evaluate the needs of the targeted group and implement them appropriately in the proposed program. The first step will be compiling a list of relevant questions and relevant topics that would be useful in the assessment. This will ens ure that the targeted group provided the required information in the assessment (Funnell, Brown, Childs, Haas, Hosey, Jensen, & Weiss, 2009). The other step is developing, for example, a questioner that will be provided to the targeted group and then distributed to the citizens of the town. Included with the assessment is an information page about the survey also a page for the residents of the town to fill if they were interested in the next part of the program. After the responses from the residents, an analysis of the results will be done to display the resident’s view. This will help learn how the program will be funded financially, how it will be managed in terms of administrators, and how the participants will be selected. This need assessment survey will help the nurses in various ways. First, the analyzed answers will provide quantitative facts about how people with diabetes feel; also, it will help the nurses develop teaching plans for their patients (Funnell, Brown, Childs, Haas, Hosey, Jensen, & Weiss, 2009). Evaluate needs assessment to define areas of focus Need evaluation is a commonly used in program planning, where it helps determine which program aspects or activities are the mostly needed and for the specific population. Most importantly, this method is used to help build up new programs or else justifying the existing program

Network analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network analysis - Essay Example (c) Relationship based A complex set of relationships between organizations is a basis of networking. These relationships will be strengthened and provide more cohesion within a sector during the course of the network development. Through this, there will be a provision on the basis for mutual support and the opportunity in order to recognize partnerships as well as resource-sharing protocols (Andrew, 2006). (d) Inclusive When they are non-hierarchical, networks will magnify the development of these relationships which are both inclusive and diverse in their membership, thriving when information can flow freely, providing a wide range of opportunities and platforms for both the people and organizations to meet and interact, thus learning and sharing knowledge (Chaudhuri, 2004). Differing characteristics of networks There are basically two types of networks. These are personal networks and information sharing networks which tend to spontaneously develop due to the ongoing necessities of day-to-day work within a sector. Networks can have no specific structure or management, thus being informal. Their coverage can also be irregular and limited by dependence on interpersonal relationships. Also, by virtue of having regular meetings, it is portrayed that information sharing networks can also have a more structured format. Since they are accessible, they are open to a wide membership, meaning a better coverage (Childress, 2000). Networks are proficient ways of creating connections as well as sharing and distributing information. What is required is someone taking up the responsibility for their management. However, we should be aware that relationships stand a chance of stagnating, thus the network ceases to provide ongoing benefits to participants, end result being atrophy. More formality is necessary for dialogue and influencing networks. They involve meetings, discussion and often decision making. These results due to a more conscious desire to proactively address problems, increase the capacity or create a collective voice. Those organizations with shared values will tend to attract, thus becoming more exclusive. Higher levels of trust will need to develop if a collective action is being undertaken. More than one of these purposes can be met by a combination of networks, thus being an efficient use of time and resources, therefore, attracting a broad diversity of organizations (Cisco Systems, Inc., 2003). Network analysis Basically, a combination of softwares and hardware made up of five basic parts is what is termed as a network analyzer. These parts include: Hardware A majority of network analyzers function with ordinary systems of operations (OSs) and network interface cards (NICs), thus are software-based. However, there are some specialized hardware network analyzers offering extra benefits like analyzing hardware faults including voltage problems, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) errors and cable problems among others. Some network analy zers may only support wireless adapters or Ethernet while others give support to several adapters simultaneously, allowing users to sometimes customize their configuration. A hub or a cable tap may be required to connect to the accessible cable (Dyche, 2000). Capture driver The responsibility of this part is the capturing of traffic of the raw

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change Marie Claire Attard Bason For many centuries, Climate change has been one of the most complicated problems around the world. It is a very difficult phenomenon to avoid, yet it can be manageable with the help of proper initiatives. All aspects of community life, including; Agriculture, economy, transportation, energy, culture and also construction are impacted by such climatic changes. (Schneider, 2009; Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014). As members of society, with our daily lifestyle choices and motivation by a sequence of values, beliefs, norms and interpretation of the world, make us key players of climate change. Unfortunately, all of these are now challenged by global warming, and it is not surprising to see that people around the world are forming different trends in opinion sand different perceptions about anthropogenic climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). The 2013 IPCC report on climate change stated that there is a 95 % assurance that climate change is happening because it is caused by humans (IPCC 2013), moreover, this is not the only report that came to this conclusion. In fact, there are recent reviews done on different scientific abstracts with regards to this subject and have found out that most of these papers have accepted the scientific consensus on humans causing global warming (Cook et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014). Furthermore, there are scientists, some of which are considered to be of a high-profile that still put forward other possible reasons for observed changes of climate around the world (Abraham et. al, 2014). Understanding the Scientific Consensus: The development of a scientific understanding is often distinguished by a number of studies that suggest new and alternative reasons of why certain behaviors exist in the natural world. These, then, may or may not be acknowledged by other scientists; however, one could possibly consider investigating and testing furthermore the suggested ideas. More than 100 years ago, the first studies on greenhouse gases and their effect on the Earth’s climate were published (Fourier, 1824; Tyndall 1861; Arrhenius, 1896). Moreover, during the next following years, ways to improve the concept of AGW (Anthropogenic Global Warming) were suggested, yet the basic standards of it were already set. Unfortunately, the general public has continued to be hesitant on whether or not to dismiss the idea of Anthropogenic Global Warming in general or dismiss the concept of the scientific consensus (Zimmerman, 2008; Doran and Zimmerman, 2009; Leiserowitz et al., 2011; Leiserowitz et al., 2012; Pew, 2012). I n order to establish the degree of both of these ideas, a number of different approaches have been followed (Abraham et. al, 2014). Political scientists, sociologists and psychologists, have concentrated their studies on distinctive aspects that can influence the views of the public on global warming, yet they still argue the role of the scientific information and the idea of scientific consensus on climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). Now in the case of climate change, as mentioned in the previous text, multiple data show that greenhouse gases, produced by humans, are being captured inside the atmospheric zone, causing the surrounding area to warm. In his Skeptical Science paper, John Cook suggests that people are accepting more the fact that climate change is induced by humans, therefore a number of initiatives are being taken into consideration in order to tackle this phenomenon.Even though studies have shown that most scientists agree on the causes of climate change, people are still not sure what to believe. Why? In the past, scholars have claimed that scientists disagree amongst themselves on the c auses of climate change. Other studies have also suggested that there is a false balance in the media, where journalists introduce a point in question (in this case; Climate change) as being more about how people feel and think than the actual evidence provided (Donald Pidcock, 2013). The current Situation: There is the need to correct such misunderstandings about the scientific consensus. Public engagement with climate change has been taken for granted due to the fact that there is a huge gap in knowledge or public understanding. The â€Å"knowledge-deficit model†; coined by social scientists studying the public communication of science in the 1980s, has unfortunately been put into question (Moser and Dilling 2011; Sturgis and Allum 2004). In 2012, Kahan et al. have argued that conflicts over climate change have little to do with the public’s understanding of the scientific evidence. Yet, other recent research has repeatedly shown that the perceived level of scientific agreement on human-caused climate change actually functions as a critical â€Å"gateway belief† (Ding et al. 2011; Lewandowsky et al. 2013; McCright et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) The public’s view of the scientific consensus is important on several aspects, especially when creating views and opinions on complicated scientific topics. The public depends on available sources of information to form their opinion, and trust that these sources are reliable. Their perception of scientific consensus also complements with a number of important beliefs and approaches towards serious interests on climate change and support ideas of mitigation (Ding et al., 2011; McCright et al., 2013). As found by Malka et al. (2009), the perception of scientific consensus brings about an agreement between the connection on climate concern and climate knowledge. This means that when one learns more about climate change and how it is produced, it automatically increases the attention and concern. These findings give boost to others by increasing people’s perceptive that climate change is happening, through the communication of the scientific consensus (Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Bolsen et al., 2014). If people keep on thinking that there is a disagreement amongst scientists, especially about Anthropogenic Global Warming, then it will definitely take longer to find action support. This controversy between the perception of the public and the overwhelming agreements amongst scientists, especially when there is a particular scientific topic being discussed, is defined by the â€Å"consensus gap†. This gap is causing strong effects on our society (Abraham et. al, 2014). The effect of the media: Given that most people get their awareness from mass media, one has to make sure that such information is given at best quality, so as to be more affective. Two main sources of mass media that impose great limitations when it comes to the scientific communication are the newspapers and television. The main reasons are that television news stories, often have less than a minute of air time, therefore these can’t be very detailed and informative, whilst newspaper articles are longer, but then again, they are not explained in scientific terms, so people still won’t truly understand the true meaning of climate change and what contributes to it. Scientists also need to understand more the journalistic norms and how journalisms work, whilst on the other hand, communicators should make an effort in increasing the scientific literacy of their mass audience in their articles/ segments and also explain how scientists have become more confident on different knowledge claims, espec ially when it comes to using probability statements. Furthermore, communicators should also make it more clearly to the public that just because there are different conclusions on specific scientific data/ findings, which may or may not be questionable to some groups in society, it might not mean that the real scientific methods, theories and bodies of evidence are at issue within the scientific community (Schneider, 2009) How to improve the public’s perception on climate change: Media communicators should continually promote and reveal the numerous ambitions, goals and strategies of climate change to those people who have an opposing view on this topic and who believe or claims that it is falsely presented by the scientific community. Right or wrong, such people do not follow a valid scientific method, therefore they lack of evidence and scientific support, and they cannot be reliable- their beliefs lacks of scientific status (Moser Dilling, 2011). In addition to communicating the scientific consensus, experts have agreed that certain messages would definitely make a difference. Climate change is real and that people are the main reason of its cause. Climate change is harmful to people, and people need to find ways to reduce it (Maibach et. al., 2014). Oversimplifying such messages can definitely lead to misunderstanding. Moreover, it is not that difficult to reduce the scientific consensus down to a few key sentences. In fact these might encourage people to search and point out reliable sources (Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014) Communicators have concluded that the reason for lack of public engagement is due to the fact that there has been lack of information and understanding, therefore this issue needs to improve in order to encourage more people to be inspired and take action. They also concluded that if people have fear on potential disasters because no action has been taken yet, than it would motivate them to take action. Mass communication is by far the best way to reach the public with regards to this issue (Moser Dilling, 2011). Communicators have the possibility to use different ways, represent different values, and promote political, cultural, social, and economic frameworks of climate change, through a national discussion (Schneider, 2009) An experiment conducted by Sander van der Linden, Anthony Leiserowitz, Geoffrey Feinberg and Edward W. in 2014, tested three popular ways to communicating the scientific consensus. In the first try, a simple message was shown to a number of participants stating that: â€Å"97% of climate scientists have concluded that human-caused climate change is happening†. In the second try, the same participants were shown a pie chart describing the scientific consensus in a more visual way. For the third attempt, different metaphors where used to describe the consensus. At the end of this experiment, the participants were asked to express what they thought about the scientific consensus before and after participating in this experiment. This concluded that all of the three approaches; the descriptive text, the pie chart and the metaphors, made the public understand more on what the scientific consensus is about. Both the pie chart and the descriptive text were the most effective on the p articipants than the metaphors. The pie chart was then more efficient with people that had political backgrounds. To conclude results show that in order to improve the public’s knowledge on the scientific consensus on climate change; one has to find a way to ensure that the individual is not defined by political persuasion. Scientists, policy makers and even NGO’s have shown to respond more to using short, simple declarative sentences or simple pie charts to communicate the scientific consensus to the public. Since, metaphors were proven less effective; however they still can be very beneficial in explaining difficult scientific concepts. At the end of the day, in order to help improve the state of communication on the issue of climate change, every possible approach is better than nothing. It is important to help people gain knowledge, shape their way of thinking and help them understand more the purpose of a scientific consensus (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) Improving from climate change It will take a huge global effort to create and implement new ways to reduce climate change instances. There is the need to design and embrace new technologies that are aimed to reduce emissions caused by green-house gases so that damaging consequences to human health may be avoided. Moreover, the ability to adjust to such changes depends extensively across different nations. (Schneider, 2009) Poor nations are more exposed to the effects of global warming because they cannot cope with the social and economic situations that are likely to arise due to sea levels changes and severe weather changes (Tierney, 2009). Reducing green-house gas emissions is possible with the help of different types of practices and technologies that can be supplied by the industrial sectors, especially by the waste and land management sectors. Other sectors, including the economy sector needs to be also involved in improving climate change mitigations since green-house gas emissions are commonly present during economic activities. It is also quite important for countries to find ways to increase funding for research and development (Schneider, 2009). To conclude After many years of practice but without any solid basis of research, communicating climate change is now an intense interest to those who wants to increasing public participation. As mentioned before, there have been many different studies that have measured public opinions, attitudes and level of understanding with regards to scientific topics. Moreover, most of the studies have tested different approaches to identify the most effective ways to communicate the scientific consensus. Much of what is known or assume about climate change communication is influenced by studies in other fields such as; Advertising, social marketing and mass media communication. One has to keep in mind the following aims for future research and practice:- Create communication models and technologies, find more effective ways to communicate mitigations, identify ways to adapt to new strategies. Last but not least, one had to make sure to encourage deeper engagement and promote the importance of mass mobili zation (Moser, 2011) References Abraham, J., Cook, J., Fasullo, J., Jacobs, P., Mandia, S., Nuccitelli, D. (2014). Review of the consensus and asymmetric quality of research on human-induced climate change.Cosmopolis,2014(1), 3-18. Arrhenius,S; â€Å"On the Influence of carbonic acid in the air upon temperature of the ground†, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science Series 5, 1896, vol. 41, pp. 237-276 Bode, C., Monroe, M., Megalos, M. (2014).  Strategies for communicating climate change to extension audiences: Fact sheet.Unpublished manuscript. Bolsen, T., Leeper, T. J., Shapiro, M. A. (2014). Doing what others do norms, science, and collective action on global warming.American Politics Research,42(1), 65-89. Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S. A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R., . . . Skuce, A. (2013). Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature.Environmental Research Letters,8(2), 024024. Ding, D., Maibach, E. W., Zhao, X., Roser-Renouf, C., Leiserowitz, A. (2011). Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement.Nature Climate Change,1(9), 462-466. Donald, R., Pidcock, R. (2013).  We all agree about communicating climate consensus, don’t we?. Retrieved fromhttp://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2013/05/we-all-agree-about-communicating-climate-consensus,-dont-we Doran, P and Zimmerman, M; â€Å"Examining the scientific consensus on climate change†, Eos, 2009, vol. 90, 22-23. Fourier, J. (1827). On the temperature of the terrestrial sphere and interplanetary space.  Mà ©moires De l’Acadà ©mie Royale Des Sciences,7, 569-604. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), â€Å"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013†, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks.Nature Climate Change,2(10), 732-735. Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Smith, N. (2011). Climate change in the american mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in may 2011.Yale University, New Haven, Leiserowitz, A, et al., â€Å"Climate change in the American mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in September, 2012†, Yale University and George Mason University, New Haven, CT: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2012. Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., Vaughan, S. (2013). The pivotal role of perceived scientific consensus in acceptance of science.Nature Climate Change,3(4), 399-404. Maibach, E., Myers, T., Leiserowitz, A. (2014). Climate scientists need to set the record straight: There is a scientific consensus that humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ caused climate change is happening.Earths Future, Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., Langer, G. (2009). The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: Trusted information sources shape public thinking.Risk Analysis,29(5), 633-647. McCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E., Xiao, C. (2013). Perceived scientific agreement and support for government action on climate change in the USA.Climatic Change,119(2), 511-518. Moser, S. C. (2010). Communicating climate change: History, challenges, process and future directions.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,1(1), 31-53. Moser, S. C., Dilling, L. (2011). Communicating climate change: Closing the science-action gap.The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society.Oxford University Press, Oxford,, 161-176. Nature Climate Change. (2013).  Climate consensus.3, 303. doi:10.1038/nclimate1875 Schneider, S. H. (2009).  Climate change science and policyIsland Press. Sturgis, P., Allum, N. (2004). Science in society: Re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes.Public Understanding of Science,13(1), 55-74. Tierney, L. (2009). The politics of climate change: who suffers most?. Retrieved fromhttps://www.mtholyoke.edu/~tiern20l/classweb/climatechange/suffer.html Tyndall, J. (1861). The bakerian lecture: On the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours, and on the physical connexion of radiation, absorption, and conduction.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,151, 1-36. van der Linden, Sander L, Leiserowitz, A. A., Feinberg, G. D., Maibach, E. W. (2014). How to communicate the scientific consensus on climate change: Plain facts, pie charts or metaphors?Climatic Change,126(1-2), 255-262. Zimmerman, M. R. (2008).  The Consensus on the Consensus: An Opinion Survey of Earth Scientists on Global Climate Change

African-americans In The South :: essays research papers

As a social and economic institution, slavery originated in the times when humans began farming instead of hunting and gathering. Slave labor became commonplace in ancient Greece and Rome. Slaves were created through the capture of enemies, the birth of children to slave parents, and means of punishment. Enslaved Africans represented many different peoples, each with distinct cultures, religions, and languages. Most originated from the coast or the interior of West Africa, between present-day Senegal and Angola. Other enslaved peoples originally came from Madagascar and Tanzania in East Africa. Slavery became of major economic importance after the sixteenth century with the European conquest of South and Central America. These slaves had a great impact on the sugar and tobacco industries. A triangular trade route was established with Europe for alcohol and firearms in exchange for slaves. The slaves were then traded with Americans for molasses and (later) cotton. In 1619 the first bl ack slave arrived in Virginia. The demands of European consumers for New World crops and goods helped fuel the slave trade. A strong family and community life helped sustain African Americans in slavery. People often chose their own partners, lived under the same roof, raised children together, and protected each other. Brutal treatment at the hands of slaveholders, however, threatened black family life. Enslaved women experienced sexual exploitation at the hands of slaveholders and overseers. Bondspeople lived with the constant fear of being sold away from their loved ones, with no chance of reunion. Historians estimate that most bondspeople were sold at least once in their lives. No event was more traumatic in the lives of enslaved individuals than that of forcible separation from their families. People sometimes fled when they heard of an impending sale. During the 17th and 18th century enslaved African Americans in the Upper South mostly raised tobacco. In coastal South Carolina and Georgia, they harvested indigo for dye and grew rice, using agricultural expertise brought with them from Africa. By the 1800s rice, sugar, and cotton became the South's leading cash crops. The patenting of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 made it possible for workers to gin separate the seeds from the fiber some 600 to 700 pounds daily, or ten times more cotton than permitted by hand. The Industrial Revolution, centered in Great Britain, quadrupled the demand for cotton, which soon became America's leading export. Planters' acute need for more cotton workers helped expand southern slavery.

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Health Policy and Law Basics Lisa Aquinas Dry. Sherry Grover Health Policy and Law 1/24/15 The perspective that have chosen was the professional autonomy perspective. The reason I picked this one is because of the advantages and what I would look for from a physician's office. One advantage is the convenient hours the physician's office has. The hours would be Monday thru Thursday they are open to am to pm and Friday hours would be am to pm and Saturday hours would be Bam to 1 pm.A lot of patients work till moieties till pm and cannot make it to the doctors till at least 7 or pm, also a lot of patients might not be able to make it to the doctors till the weekend if they work late at night. Another advantage is that patients should be offered and allowed to make voluntary choices for life changing healthcare interventions that they will or will not receive. Some disadvantages are the type of patients they physician will see and treat. It is not right for a doctor to only treat certain types of patients when all patients should be treated the name and not different than anyone else.Another disadvantage would be the type and information that the physician will disclose to the patients. All patients should be told all information and never left in the dark about anything especially if it has to do with the patient. All patients would have to have insurance that is required by the law in order to be seen. If a patient does not have insurance they will be required to apply for medical assistance before they are seen at the hospital. If a patient does not qualify for medical assistance and cannot afford insurance they would be seen and then asked to fill out a paper to see if they qualify for charity help thru the hospital.At the hospital no can be turned away. Another key component is the HIPPO It is a law that everyone should have to follow the HIPPO law. When a patient would come in to the hospital the patient would have to sign a HIPPO form as part of the paper wo rk. No one in the hospital is allowed to give any information about the patient to anyone unless the patient gives permission in writing. Another one would be where someone would have health insurance butte would accept the insurance.Someone who has medical assistance will be treated in the hospital because they have insurance thru the state which is run by the government. When someone who has medical assistance will be treated for what is wrong but the patient will be told what is not covered by the insurance and payment arrangements would be made. The patients that have Medicaid the government will make payments to the hospital for the services they are provided. Administration regulations and rules are made for Medicaid over 40 years became a real battleground for the program.Medicaid regulations that are passed by the federal department of health and human services and the state -level agencies are what brought the program to life. In every state there is a constitution and sepa rate constitution. Most important constitution provisions are written in broad terms that lead to may legal controversies because there are to many competing approaches and theories so can interpret ambiguous constitution phrases. In the state of Massachusetts the Supreme Court has ruled the death penalty is prohibited under the state's constitution.And Marshland's constitution requires a jury to order to convict a person of a crime. A statute must be written results in the need for courts to interpret and apply general statues to a lot of specific legal cases, this is called statutory construction. For power of ruling congress may delegate adjudicatory and enforcement powers to the administration agencies. Because these are not located in the executive, rather than the judicial branch they must still provide the Bill of rights.

Pedagogy of the Oppressed Chapter 2 Reflection Essay Example

Pedagogy of the Oppressed Chapter 2 Reflection Essay Example Pedagogy of the Oppressed Chapter 2 Reflection Paper Pedagogy of the Oppressed Chapter 2 Reflection Paper Pedagogy of the Oppressed, falls into the political philosophy genre. After I read Chapter 2 of Pedagogy of the Oppressed, my first thought was about the reservation boarding school system. Indian schooling started with missionaries and teachers in missionary schools were at least as interested in salvation as in education. According to many observers, the discipline of the schools usually included getting Indians to dress, speak, and act like white people. Native Americans serve as perfect â€Å"containers† and â€Å"receptacles† for teachers of that time. (Freire 4) Many teachers that teach in Tribal communities often use the concept of â€Å"the teacher know everything and the students know nothing†. (Freire 8) This semester I had a teacher that said, â€Å"I’m going to teach you as though you know nothing†. This goes to show that teachers, even in current times are obsessed with their authority over students. The â€Å"banking system† only works to the extent of students being able to regurgitate what the teacher tells the student. The students do not learn when they are told to memorize items, just so the student can get a good test grade. I have experienced this during my academic career. I personally retain more information when teachers communicate and tell me why I need to learn what I need to learn. â€Å"’Four times four is sixteen; the capital of Para is Belem. The students records, memorizes, and repeats these phrases without perceiving what four times four really means, or realizing the true significance of â€Å"capital† in the affirmation ‘the capital of Para is Belem,’ that is, what Belem means for Para and what Para means for Brazil. † This type of teaching is taught everywhere. I feel as though it is worse for Tribal communities, and I’m only saying that because the high school drop out rate is higher among Native Americans th an other ethnicities. Not to mention, in the university level, the graduation rate is lower. I believe, is because of the quality of education we, Native, people receive in Tribal Communities. This reading was fairly difficult. I am not used to reading such complex writings. In order to understand the reading more efficiently, I think it would be better to start with something slightly simpler. This is the first time I have ever read something of this magnitude, I enjoyed it. I felt as though it challenged me to break out of my comfort zone. Bibliography Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000.

The Time Traveller is a man impossible to sympathise with Essay Example

The Time Traveller is a man impossible to sympathise with Essay Example The Time Traveller is a man impossible to sympathise with Paper The Time Traveller is a man impossible to sympathise with Paper despite the fact that the Eloi are teaching him their language. This is also an example of irony, as they are teaching him, not him teaching them. However, the Time Travellers feeling of superiority fails to make him realise the ironic side of what he thinks. The Time Traveller feels that he is more intelligent and knowledgeable than his guests. In discussions with his guests he oozes confidence, helping him to put points forward, and speaks adding emphasis to certain phrases, by pausing, for example. An example of this is: ` Scientific People, proceeded the Time Traveller, after the pause required for the proper assimilation of this In the meetings between him and his guests, he is always the person always putting the points forward and deciding where the conversation goes: ` Can an instantaneous cube exist? Also, the Time Traveller always makes his guests subservient in the arguments, which again aids him in putting his points forward. Whenever one of his guests tries to challenge his dominance, the Time Traveller says something to put them back into their more subsidiary position in the discussion. An example of this is: ` said the Medical Man May I have them? (referring to flowers). `The Time Traveller hesitated. Then suddenly: Certainly not. This again reminds us of his confidence and attitude towards his guests. On several occasions the Time Traveller sees examples of the Morlocks ntelligence (their machinery, their attempts to trap him in both the forest and the pedestal) but does not take it in, because of his arrogance. Therefore, he never learns from his mistakes, and so repeats them. For example, when he goes into the dark wood inadequately armed, and nearly gets killed, he does not learn from this. Therefore, when he goes into the pedestal, a perfect place to become trapped in, and he only has a couple of matches, and nothing with which to light them. I was in the dark trapped. So the Morlocks thought. At that I chuckled gleefully But I had overlooked ne thing. The matches were of the abominable kind that only light on the box. On that occasion, it is also ironic that the Time Traveller ` could not help but laugh bitterly at (his) confidence. On the following page he becomes over-confident once more. In several places in the book, the Time Traveller is over-confident and under-pr epared, not just with the Morlocks. He never properly thought through what it would be like if the Time Machine worked. Despite the fact that he is meant to be an intelligent and logically thinking scientist, he never even considered what he should bring to e prepared for example, if the machine were to work. Therefore, it is ironic when he wishes that he had brought a camera with him, when he has travelled into the future. When he is ready to go, he has panicky, second thoughts ` I suppose a suicide who holds a pistol to his skull feels pretty much the same wonder at what will come next So for all his intelligence, confidence and knowledge, the Time Traveller lacks much common sense. He is therefore arrogant, over-confident and under-prepared going into new situations. This makes it difficult to sympathise with him when things start to go wrong. It is easy to see that the Time Traveller is intelligent, but he can become irritatingly smart. For example: ` I had a score of noun substantives at least at my command; and then I got onto demonstrative pronouns, and even the verb `to eat. ` My museum hypothesis was confirmed. This is pretentious; and it is probable that the reader is led to dislike the Time Traveller; so that when he gets into tricky situations, the reader is not meant to feel too much towards him. It is only halfway through he book that the reader can start sympathising with the Time Traveller. This is when more of his haracter is revealed; underneath the confidence and arrogance is a more agreeable side. Here he admits that he feels for Weena; and when she is gone, he is depressed. However, despite the fact that he likes her; she is described by him as physically `frail and `like a child. Also, intellectually, he treats her with disdain, and talks of her in a condescending manner, saying things such as ` I thought, rather foolishly that Weena might help me to interpret this. Although Wells has cleverly brought in the caring side of the Time Travellers character gradually, he has made the Time Traveller rrogant, over-confident and egotistical throughout the book. One of the best examples of this, after the other caring side of his character has properly been introduced, is when he goes into the wood. He believed at the time, that building a fire was ` n ingenious move for covering (his) retreat. Relying upon being able to light a fire is not the best protection, especially as several hundred Morlocks surrounded them at the time. It is also ironic when the Time Traveller laughs at the fire he has made, and walks away further into the wood, and further away from the little protection that he has. These examples show us that despite more of his character being revealed so that the reader can sympathise with him, he is still arrogant and over-confident, not realising what dangerous positions he is in. When Weena `dies the Time Traveller realises he likes her, and his affection for her is more openly indicated. For example: ` (her death) seemed an overwhelming calamity. His relationship with her previously had grown very gradually. When he saved her from drowning, in his usual condescending and intransigent way, he assumed that was it, and that there would be no proper friendship. Treating he Eloi race with his normal disdain, the Time Traveller expected that he would never be thanked for saving her, as he says: ` I had got to such a low estimation of her kind that I did not expect any gratitude from her. This reminds us again of his arrogance. The last example in the book of his affection for her is: ` But my story slips away from me as I speak of her. This shows, in a comment to his guests, that he is still thinking of her in an affectionate manner when she is gone. The two examples of his thoughts on their friendship (one at the beginning, one after Weena has gone), shows how much the friendship ad developed. Despite the two very different sides of his character, there are events that occur to link them. When the Time Traveller fights the Morlocks in the forest, and they are ` blinded by the raging fire, he is clearly enjoying the ` succulent giving of flesh under (his) blows, while in ` a frenzy of fear. The Time Traveller might want revenge for whatever has happened to Weena, but still lacks common sense, and ` not realising their blindness, he ` struck furiously at them. Although he instantly regrets this, which is, again, quite ironic. Furthermore, the different sides of his haracter can be linked when he is in the Palace of Green Porcelain. There he describes Weena as quite unintelligent, but two pages later, he almost praises her for making him realise that the floor sloped down underground towards the Morlocks. Here the Time Traveller treats the Elois intelligence with his usual disdain and condescension, but praises Weena, an Eloi, indicating that he likes her. The Time Traveller is not a very sympathetic character, but it is possible to sympathise with him. I believe it is definitely Wells intention to make the reader change his or her view about the Time Traveller, and to become more sympathetic towards him. Throughout the book, the Time Traveller is arrogant, over-confident and lacks common sense. Until his relationship with Weena begins, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to gain the readers sympathy. There are some subtle remarks made by the Time Traveller about his relationship with her, but he does not consciously realise that he likes her until her disappearance. Only then he actually realises her affection for her. Due to his continued arrogance, however, it is not possible to sympathise a great deal with him.

Mergers and Acquisitions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Case Study Example The paper also deals with the resultant economies and advantages accruing out of the merger by studying the case of acquisition of another company by Hon Hai (Faxcom). While 'business strategy' represent the goal of the company to attain sustainable competitive advantage in one of the businesses of the company, 'corporate strategy' represents the objective of the company to manage multi-business activities to create corporate-wide advantage that will benefit each of the business the company owns and operates. The corporate strategy looks into the opportunities available to the company both internally and externally to enhance its competitive strengths and sustain its sales growth and profitability. A strategic analysis of any company thus includes assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the company based on the internal environment as well as threats and opportunities that the company is subjected to because of its relative positioning in the market and the industry. The main objective of any strategic analysis is to identify the ways in which the existing resources can be shared between the multiple business activities and identifying new resou rces, which will enhance the competitive strengths of the company. This may include the opportunities for mergers and acquisitions, which will provide the combined synergies and scale economies to the company for enhancing its competitive edge. Corporate mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have long received considerable attention from the corporate world, the investing public as well as the academicians and scholars. According to Thompson Financial Reports for the year 2005, the worldwide M&A deals was estimated at US $ 2.7 Trillion which has posted an increase of 38.4 percent from the total volume of US $ 2 Trillion for the year 2004. Cogut and Rodgers (2006) report that the increase in the Asian deals for the year 2005 increased by 64 percent over the last year and the dollar value was US $ 280 million for the period in the form of announced deals. A number of corporations in the international market have been

Seven Years' War Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Seven Years' War Paper - Essay Example British colonies stretched along eastern coast of North America from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in the north to Georgia in the south. Most of the older colonies extended their claims far westward. As the continents geography was unknown colonial authorities granted provincial charters arbitrarily. As their main centers were situated closely to the coast the y had increasingly growing populations so British settlements and fur traders were expanding inland across Appalachian Mountains. Nova Scotia which had been conquered by the British during Queen Anne’s War retained numerous French-speaking population, principally based on the shores of Northumberland Strait and the Bay of Fundy. Moreover the British claimed Rupert’s Land and established Hudson’s Bay Company to trade with Indians. In spite of the British and French claims the vast areas were under control of indigenous tribes. To the north of Abenaki and Mi'kmaq still dominated parts of Acadia, eastern provin ces of present day Canada and Maine as well as Nova Scotia (Jennings, 1988). Iroquois League held sway over Ohio country as well as over the most part of present day Upstate New York; however the former included populations of Mingo, Delaware and Shawnee. These tribes were formally the tributaries of Iroquois League so were restricted by the latter in authorities to conclude agreements. As soon as the war broke out the French also began to use their business connections to recruit from the native tribes in the western part of Great Lakes region (an area that was not a matter of controversy between the belligerents). Cherokee and Iroquois League rendered support to the British until disagreements ignited the Anglo-Cherokee war in 1758. In that very year the government of Pennsylvania worked out Treaty of Easton. According to that agreement Ohioan tribes swore neutrality in return for concession of the lands. The rest of the northern tribes for the most part took the side of the Frenc h, their main supplier of arms and ammunition and trading partner. Both British and French diplomacies did their best to secure support of Cherokee and Creek tribes’ neutrality. It was common for both small gangs and individuals to take part in hostilities on the different side of the conflict. By the time when the war broke out there had not been any French regular army units in North America though were few British ones. As a rule French possessions in North America were defended by 3.000 troupes de la marine made up of colonial regulars. Some of them had experience in woodland warfare. Also militia bands used to be called for when needed. British colonies enrolled militia units to fight the natives when needed yet did not have any regular forces there. Seven Years changed social, economic and political relations between the main European powers (Spain, Britain and France), their possessions and colonists and indigenes which inhabited the disputed territories. Britain assum ed control over Acadia, French Canada and other possessions inhabited by some 80, 000 predominantly French-speaking Catholics. The deportation of the French-speaking Acadians began in 1775 and made this land available for new migrants from Europe as well as from the southern colonies. Lots of Acadians were resettled throughout British North American provinces, though many moved to France or to Louisiana which they had hoped to stay French. Some of them were exiled to colonize such diverse places as Falkland