Ferdinand de Saussure Essay

The origin of LanguageFeatures of LanguageKnowledge of LanguagephilologyBranches of LinguisticsApproaches to Linguistic StudiesSchools of LinguisticsTHE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGEThe divine sourceThe natural sound source o Primitive spoken languageo Cuckoo, splash, rattle, hiss, buzzoBow-wow theory of language origin.The social interaction sourceThe physical adaptation sourceThe tool-making sourceThe genetic sourceoChild development AutomaticoDeaf children tranquil users of sign language innateness hypothesisoWe are born with a capacity for speaking/using language(See Yule, Ch.1 Fromkin et al., Ch.6)MAJOR FEATURES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE1-Communicative break away of language is to communicate2-Vocal human vocal organs are used3-Human sophisticated use of language is unique to human species 4-Social it s used by the members of a community5-Natural t is a natural phenomena6-Changeable it can and will change trough time7-Rule-governed there are systematic rules in it.8-Product of disposi tion it is the product of mental operation9-Arbitrary no systematic relationship between form and marrow 10-Creative language is used creativelyMINOR FEATURES OF LANGUAGE1-Language , unless recorded, travel away the movement we speak it. 2-Self-talk is a form of language3-We talk in our sound judgments inner speech4-We can not help but to attend and understand what we hear. 5-Language can be used by some to xert their power over others. 6-Language is used for cultural preservation and transmission . 7-Language is varied not monolithic.8-The command of changes in language is not predictable.9-Language is personal as well as social.10-Language is a means for mental and social development.11-Language is a predictor of social identity.12-Language reveals patterns of how mind works.13-All languages have the same potential for developmentKNOWLEDGE OF LANGUAGEI know English.Produce individual sounds and combining them (Phonetics & Phonology)Form and dividing words (Morphology)Com bine these words into phrases and sentences (Syntax)Understand the meaning of words, phrases and utterances (Semantics)Use the language appropriately in different contexts (Pragmatics).Language is an arbitrary and changeable set of vocal symbols which are cognitively formulated, and socially used for human natural communication.Linguistic knowledge is knowledge about language which is acquired unconsciously.LINGUISTICS Linguistics is the scientific or logical examination of some(prenominal) aspect and property of language including the influences of language on any sphere of life.BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICSMICRO-LINGUISTICSPhonetics (Fonetik)Phonology (Ses Bilimi)Morphology (Dil Bilimi)Syntax (Sz dizimi)Semantics (Anlam Bilim)MACRO-LINGUISTICSPragmaticsSociolinguisticsHistorical-linguisticsPsycholinguisticsNeurolinguisticsAnthropological Linguisticsuse LinguisticsAPPROACHES TO LINGUISTIC STUDIESDescriptive-PrescriptiveDiachronic-SynchronicReference GrammarTeaching GrammarTheoretical Gr ammarSCHOOLS OF LINGUISTICSTraditional LinguisticsBased on study of LatinApplied to other languages, e.g. English, French19th C. Jacob Grimm, Max Mller, Henry SweetStructural LinguisticsFerdinand De SaussureLinguistics features as abstract system governing speechLangue and watchwordWhile language is regarded as language system stored in the mind of its speakers, parole is conceived as the actual language behaviorTransformational-Generative GrammarChomskyEvery language has a finite set of rules to produce infinite number of sentences Phrase structure rules and generative rulesDeep structure and surface structureStructure over meaningCompetence and performance.